[0:00] I met some ferrets that do a better job than industrial robots. [0:04] The road trip took me back to the East Midlands, [0:06] to the county of Derbyshire, [0:07] and I parked up at a small rural farm [0:09] that’s the home of the National Ferret School. [0:12] Which does need some explanation. [0:18] The first question is: [0:19] is the National Ferret School a school about ferrets, [0:23] or a school for ferrets? [0:24] Also, what is a ferret? [0:26] So, this is where we keep our ferrets. [0:29] This is the traditional way of keeping ferrets. [0:31] We believe the Romans carried ferrets around the world with them [0:34] because they spread the rabbit, [0:35] and the only way to get a rabbit, [0:37] or the best way to get a rabbit out from underground, [0:39] is to have something chase it out, [0:40] ergo the ferret. [0:42] And so people respected them, [0:44] and they kept them in large enclosures known as courts. [0:48] And that’s exactly what we do now. -A ferret court! [0:50] Correct. [0:51] So we should see a Pavlovian reflex now... -Oh, hello! [0:53] Because when I come to feed them, I go... (makes kissing noises) [0:59] Oh hello! [1:02] Those are ferrets. [1:03] And James, who runs the ferret school, wrote the book on them. [1:06] Uh, literally, this is his book. [1:08] And so the school is both for people: [1:10] to learn ferret handling and care and rearing, [1:13] and also to train ferrets. [1:15] Because it turns out they can be very useful creatures, [1:18] and not just for hunting rabbits. [1:20] So, ferrets are... [1:22] I’m going to get my terminology wrong here, mustelids? [1:25] They are indeed. [1:26] And ferrets are domesticated European polecats. [1:29] Right. [1:30] So many domesticated ferrets have been released into the wild over the years... [1:34] -Oh, that they’ve cross-bred? -Correct. [1:36] -Right. -But, either way, they’re the same animal. [1:39] And the more I see of wild polecats, [1:42] the more certain I am that these are them. [1:44] -Did that one just sneeze? -Yes. [1:46] (laughs) [1:47] My apologies, I was not able to put a microphone on a sneezing ferret. [1:51] I don’t know how queasy your viewers are, but we feed these complete carcasses. [1:55] Right okay. [1:56] So at whatever stage in the day, I can throw one in, [1:58] and then you’ll see furry locusts descend on them, and they’ll disappear. [2:02] And you see, they’re still coming out of bed, look. [2:04] Awh. [2:05] Don’t worry, I’m not going to show the ferret feeding frenzy. [2:08] But I did have one concern before going into the shed, [2:11] and to explain why I wasn’t going to be handling the ferrets, [2:14] I need to make a callback to 1977. [2:17] Ow. Ow. Ow! [2:19] I’m sorry. Ow! [2:21] Richard Whiteley, legendary Yorkshire news anchor and interviewer, [2:24] host of game show Countdown for more than 20 years, [2:27] joked that when he died, [2:29] his obituary would read: [2:30] “Ferret man dies!” [2:32] The clip of him being bitten by a ferret on his talk show [2:35] got played around the world, [2:36] often with a big audience laugh added over it. [2:39] And it seems like a bit of harmless fun, [2:41] but despite the laughter of the crew, [2:43] the man’s clearly in a lot of pain. [2:45] It’s alright, let it go. Put it on the floor, it won’t hurt you. [2:49] It is hurting me. [2:50] It was rushed out. [2:52] Emergency centre. [2:53] Complete blood transfusion. [2:55] Intravenous antibiotics for about three weeks. [2:58] But thank God the ferret made a complete recovery. [3:01] (laughs) [3:03] Oh, I fell for that completely! [3:06] I’m assured that the ferret was fine, and so was Richard Whiteley, [3:09] but not wanting to end up with the same fate, [3:12] I let James handle the ferrets. [3:14] In you come. Come on, in you come, in you come. [3:16] Oop. [3:17] Hello. [3:19] Whoops. [3:20] -You want to come in? -Yep. I don’t want to stand on a ferret. [3:23] I imagine they’re smart enough to get out of the way of my feet. [3:25] -Nope. -Oh, they’re not. Okay. [3:26] They’ll go under your feet to see what the underneath of your feet look like. [3:29] (laughs) [3:32] Hello. [3:33] Oh hi! [3:34] I would think you would pick up the aroma. [3:36] Yes, a little bit. [3:38] Okay. [3:39] But there are 20 ferrets in here. -(laughs) [3:41] There’s going to be a bit of laughter from me behind the camera, [3:43] because there were ferrets trying to climb up my trouser leg. [3:47] Thankfully, only the outside of my trouser leg. [3:49] The specific name for these is “Mustela putorius furo”. [3:52] -Uh-huh. -“Mustela” is a weasel. [3:55] Yes. [3:56] “Putorius” is where we get the word putrid, very smelly. [3:59] Oh okay. [4:00] -And “furo” is a thief. -Sorry... [4:02] So these guys are technically called “thieving smelly weasels”. [4:06] Incredible. And that, I presume, is their bedroom? [4:10] -That’s the nest box, yes. -Right. [4:12] I’m smiling a lot here, but also, [4:14] they are trying to climb up my leg. [4:17] Yes. [4:18] Well, the thing about ferrets, and this is what we utilise, [4:21] is that they are nosy. [4:23] So when you were doing the research for this, [4:25] you were ferreting out the information. [4:27] Yes, I was! [4:28] Ferrets always want to know: what is in there? [4:30] What is up there, what is through there? [4:31] What’s around that corner? [4:33] That’s what they do. [4:34] So, 20 ferrets, if I had 20 sheep, it would be a flock, [4:37] 20 cows, a herd, [4:38] 20 ferrets, it’s a business. -Oh! [4:40] Because as soon as you put a couple together, they start ferreting around, [4:43] doing their business. [4:44] Right! Oh. Yes, hello. [4:47] They’ve...they have discovered the camera. [4:49] I’m working on the assumption that these are working animals, [4:51] and in the same way that a farmer does not name individual sheep in a flock, [4:55] you do not name individual ferrets here. [4:57] No, but what we do do is we implant a chip under the skin, [5:01] and we can scan that, and we keep all the records on a computer. [5:05] So are you breeding them? [5:06] They do that on their own. [5:08] (laughs) [5:09] We supervise it. [5:10] Yes. [5:11] Sorry... [5:13] someone is very, very interested in my jeans here. [5:16] Hello. [5:18] Yes. Hi. [5:19] A vet once described ferrets as “short-legged cats with attitude”. [5:23] -Yeah. I can believe that. -And I think that’s a perfect description. [5:25] A juvenile ferret, like all of the ones in that court, [5:28] is called a kit. [5:30] The males are hobs, [5:31] and the females, jills. [5:32] How to tell those apart... [5:34] The easiest way to tell is to look at the size of the head. [5:37] The jills, the females, have a nice slender head like this one. [5:41] But if you look at that guy, big broad head. [5:45] -Yep. -That’s a hob. [5:46] And the hobs can be twice the size of the jills. [5:49] So at some point, they’re going to be old enough, [5:51] and you’ll have to separate them out? [5:52] Well, these are just this year’s, these are just about three, four months old. [5:57] By this time next year, all the hobs will be living separately, [6:00] except when they’re doing their duties. [6:02] Aside from the obvious, though, [6:04] those ferrets have other duties, [6:05] one of which is to chase out rabbits from their warrens [6:08] by diving down into the rabbit-holes. [6:10] Rabbits are considered a major agricultural pest, [6:13] and unpleasant as it might be, under English law, [6:17] almost all landowners are required to kill any wild rabbits living on their land. [6:23] In practice, that’s not happening everywhere, it’s not really enforced, [6:26] but certainly, farmers would appreciate not having to put down poison [6:30] when other options are available. [6:34] But that’s not the job we’re talking about here. [6:36] There are other reasons to send ferrets ferreting around. [6:39] And training them turns out to not be that difficult. [6:42] What I will do, when we start using them for rabbiting later in the year, [6:46] is take an adult out and put a youngster at its heel, [6:50] and then it follows through, and it learns from its elders, [6:54] in the same way that most animals do. [6:56] It’s how they train foxhounds. [6:58] They couple them together. -Yeah. [7:00] So, they literally learn the ropes. [7:02] But other than that, the main training is handling them. [7:07] Because one of the first questions I get asked when I talk about ferrets [7:11] is do they bite? -Yep. [7:12] They have teeth. They are capable. [7:14] -Yep. -I have a very strange allergy. [7:16] And my doctor’s warned me about it. I’m allergic to pain. [7:19] -Yes! -I’ve found pain hurts me. [7:20] Yeah, no, same, same, I’ve got that. [7:22] -So I avoid that. -Really? [7:23] So, we start handling them at four weeks. [7:25] Their eyes start to open about four and a half weeks. [7:27] There is this big pink thing coming down out of the sky, [7:30] and they learn quickly that this is not going to hurt them. [7:32] Quite the opposite. [7:33] Then they don’t bite. [7:34] And then we start doing the Pavlovian bit [7:38] of conditioning them that a certain noise means good things. [7:41] Food. -Right. [7:42] One of those is really trying to get into your shoe there. [7:45] Yes, I get through a lot of boots on this job, yes. [7:47] They love climbing. [7:49] And all we try to do in here, [7:51] this, if you like, this is their training ground. [7:53] So, we’ve got pipes, [7:55] we’ve got branches, [7:56] we’ve got all this substrate here that they can dig through, [8:00] and they just learn to do all the different things. [8:03] It keeps them fit and healthy, [8:05] and no matter how hot or cold it is, [8:08] somewhere in here is the right temperature for them. [8:11] So, in the cold, they can go into the bed, the nest box. [8:15] In the winter, we stuff that full of barley straw. [8:18] If there’s too much, they drag it out. -Yep. [8:20] If it looks like it’s getting colder, I will put some more in, [8:23] and they will take it in. [8:25] There’s a lot of rattling coming from inside this pipe just here. [8:28] And I assume at some point... [8:30] Careful with the feet... -No, he’s going back down. [8:32] Oh, he’s coming back down, okay. [8:33] My camera was jumping around there, [8:35] because the ferret was turning round, [8:36] back and forth, inside a piece of tubing that was about the width of the ferret, [8:41] which seems like it shouldn’t be possible for a creature with a spine. [8:44] They have articulated vertebrae, a bendy backbone. [8:47] So, we all think that we’re fit if we can touch our toes. [8:50] -Yeah. -Some people are double-jointed, [8:52] and they can sit with their chin on their bottom like that. [8:55] (laughs) [8:55] But what none of us can do is put our left ear on our left ankle like that. [8:59] Oh! [8:59] Or our right ear on our right ankle, like that. [9:02] And if that was hurting her at all, she would let me know. [9:05] That’s a very unbothered ferret there. [9:06] There you go. And over the years, I’ve learned tricks myself, [9:11] but also most of this comes from Graham, the gamekeeper [9:13] who taught me a lot. [9:14] And so he always said, if you pick up a ferret that’s a bit uptight, [9:18] maybe it’s just come out of a warren and it’s had a fight with a rat [9:22] or something down there, [9:24] then all you do is hold it like thus, [9:26] and then swing it and thread it through your hands like this [9:31] and you can see just how relaxed it goes, and if I do that a few times... [9:35] To be clear, the ferret is okay with that, right? [9:37] Well, as you can see, look, and it just mesmerises them, literally. [9:41] (laughs) [9:42] And some will stay like this for five or ten minutes, some for a few seconds, [9:46] and if the wind’s blowing, they come out of it much quicker. [9:49] But it just works, [9:50] and I’ve never ever had any where it doesn’t work. [9:54] Wow. Yeah, that’s a slightly sleepy ferret. [9:56] (laughter) [9:58] -But now, look, she’s up and off again. -Yeah. [10:01] I don’t know if your microphone’s picking that up. [10:03] There’s some noise, certainly. [10:08] (cheeping) [10:10] What’s that noise? [10:11] -That’s the noise that they make. -Right. [10:14] It’s uh yeah... [10:17] They make that when they’re interested... -Yep. [10:21] ....when they’re unsure, and when they’re excited. [10:24] But when they’re excited, it’s called “dooking”, [10:27] and they bounce around on all fours and make this silly noise, [10:30] and their head goes backwards and forwards, and their mouth opens, [10:33] and a lot of people seeing that think the ferret is about to kill you [10:36] and rip you to pieces or something. -Right. [10:37] It’s just having a whale of a time. [10:39] Here you go, climbing. -Oh, hello! [10:41] Oh yeah, happily... [10:44] ...happily six feet up. -So, she’s, yep, no problem whatsoever. [10:48] Oh, she’s taking the civilised way down. Normally, they simply let go. [10:53] Yep. [10:54] They bounce very well. [10:56] And at the moment we’ve got this... [10:58] Oh! And you were right. [11:00] There goes...thank you. Thank you. [11:02] I’m just being very careful with my feet. [11:04] I’m going to go and recover... [11:06] my camera. [11:07] The trouble is, there is now a ferret in the way of my camera. [11:11] There we go. Woah. Ha! [11:13] I’m going to just remove myself from this cloud of ferrets here. [11:17] -(laughs) -That’s the ferrets. [11:19] The next question is what can you do with them? [11:21] What can you do with ferrets, other than flush out rabbits? [11:24] Well, one thing about humans is we often build underground infrastructure, [11:28] narrow pipes that carry cables or stuff. [11:30] Which is all well and good [11:32] until there’s a problem somewhere inside one of those pipes, [11:35] and you need to dig all of it up to find the problem. [11:38] It’d be really useful if you could locate where exactly you needed to dig first. [11:43] Although, while we were going to set that demonstration up, [11:46] James told me something that sent me off on a research tangent, [11:49] and it’s fascinating, and I just have to cover this first. [11:52] If you turn to the Old Testament, the book of Leviticus, [11:54] that’s where God lists things that you can do and you can’t do. [11:58] And there is a list of animals that you are not allowed to eat, [12:01] ferrets are featured on them, which means they were common. [12:03] James is right. [12:04] Ferrets are mentioned in the King James Bible, Leviticus 11:30, [12:09] “and the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, [12:11] “and the mole, those are unclean to you.” [12:14] But that’s the King James Bible, [12:16] a staple of the Church of England and some Protestant denominations. [12:19] And I’m not a theologian, but, from what I’ve looked up, [12:22] “ferret” in there is almost certainly a mistranslation. [12:25] The original word is “anaqah”, [12:27] and modern translators are pretty sure that that means a type of lizard or gecko, [12:31] which would have been a really common creature for that time and place. [12:34] But that’s not certain, because the original isn’t in Hebrew, [12:36] it’s in Biblical Hebrew. [12:38] And I tried to find an English analogy for how old that is, but there isn’t one, [12:41] because even Old English wouldn’t exist for a thousand years at that point. [12:46] So, when the King James Bible was translated [12:48] in England in the 17th century, [12:50] those scholars, who were mostly going off other, earlier translations, [12:53] and who’d never probably even heard of a gecko, [12:56] let alone seen one, they picked “ferret”. [12:59] Which doesn’t tell us much about the author’s original intentions, [13:03] but it does tell us something about ferrets in the 17th century. [13:07] It means they were so well known [13:08] that they were used as a point of reference [13:11] in the English version of the Bible. [13:13] You couldn’t eat them, so the only reason you would keep them would be for work. [13:18] And so they hunt with them exactly as we do. [13:20] Anyway, James and I.... [13:22] okay, mostly James, [13:24] but James and I set up a course for a ferret. [13:26] Oh, do you want a hand with that? [13:28] Yes, if you grab that and just walk slowly. [13:30] I see it. [13:31] Problem with this stuff is it’s a pain in the backside to do anything with. [13:37] That’s a huge amount of corrugated pipe. [13:40] -It’s like fighting an octopus. -(laughs) [13:43] That’s a tiny square pipe. [13:45] They’ll go through that? -Oh, yes. [13:47] Yeah yeah yeah. [13:48] That’s a recipe for escape that, isn’t it? I’ve put them in the wrong order there. [13:52] Don’t worry. I don’t know how tightly this will fit in. [13:54] They might just clamber around it. [13:56] That’s what I was thinking. [13:58] No, that should work. [13:59] -That’ll do it? -Yep. And then we can do... [14:02] And then catch them at the other end. [14:05] Oh, wait, I’m sorry. A ferret... [14:07] a ferret is in this pipe already. -Is it really? [14:09] Yes. Someone’s just poked their head out here. [14:12] (laughter) [14:16] Hello! [14:18] What are you doing, girly? Hey? [14:21] Come on, then. [14:23] Come on. [14:24] She’s going to be slightly concerned now because... [14:27] Yes, she is. I’ll hold very still. [14:30] Come on. [14:31] Come on. [14:32] Ah, you little devil. [14:34] Just a bit further. [14:36] Thank you. [14:37] And it’s not like you could shake the pipe to get the ferret out. [14:40] -No. -Because the ferret can climb! [14:42] Just keep your eye on it in case... [14:43] In case there’s another one in there! [14:45] We had a pipe for the ferret to go through. [14:47] And that ferret’s first job would be to see if the pipe is blocked, [14:50] and if so, where. [14:51] But if the ferret’s deep underground, how can you tell where the blockage is? [14:55] This is the telemetry. [14:57] -Right. -And they wear this. [15:01] This is shaped so it fits under the chin. [15:04] And you’re not catching anything, which is important. [15:06] This has various controls on, but basically... [15:09] (beeping) Oh! [15:12] And you should be able to see all the lights. [15:13] It’s called the Ferret Finder! [15:15] The Ferret Finder version 3, as well. -Indeed. [15:17] And if I move it away... [15:18] (beeping rises and falls with distance) [15:25] Name that tune. -That’s delightful. [15:27] I think that might be the most surreal thing [15:29] that’s happened on this road trip so far. [15:30] No matter how often they have these on, [15:32] they love to make it as difficult as possible for me. [15:34] (laughs) [15:35] So, we put it round, and they don’t have a neck. [15:39] -Oh! -And as you put it on, you think, [15:41] “That’s tight enough.” [15:42] Immediately, if you let go, they get out of it. [15:44] -Right. -So you usually put it on to the next one. [15:46] That looks really tight, but that’s all fur, isn’t it? [15:48] -It is indeed. -That’s fluff. [15:50] So, there we go! So, if I leave this here... [15:52] Oh, yes, good point. [15:54] Let me turn that... [15:56] (beeping lowers) [15:58] Oh, you’ve got sensitivity calculation on it, right. [16:00] There you go. So you should hear it when it goes past there now. [16:04] So, we’ve got all the way up there and back. [16:08] How fast is a ferret? [16:10] Turns out very fast, [16:11] as long as there isn’t a big camera-holding maroon-and-blue blob [16:14] that looks like a predator in their line of sight. [16:16] You ready? [16:19] (scurrying) [16:23] (chuckles) [16:26] (ferret finder beeps) [16:28] So, she’s past that. [16:29] -Oh, that was fast! Hello! -She’s continuing. [16:30] And she’s here, look. [16:33] This will be interesting ’cos she can see out, [16:35] and she’s not used to doing this. -Mm. [16:38] Nope, doesn’t like it. Oh! [16:43] You’re right, she doesn’t like that. [16:44] The ferret looked at me, looked at my camera, [16:47] and then promptly went back to the start, [16:49] something we only knew when the ferret finder beeped again. [16:52] -She’s gone back. -She heard it. [16:56] (chuckles) [16:57] Decided did not like the clear pipe there, that’s fair enough. [17:03] Let’s try her again. [17:04] I’ll stay behind this time in case my presence was putting her off. [17:08] (ferret finder beeps) [17:10] So fast! [17:15] It was, it was me standing there. [17:19] And then a tiny pipe. [17:20] That’s a tiny... [17:22] I’ve got no idea where... [17:24] Now you’ve got a bottle of something there. [17:26] This is salmon oil. [17:27] This is their treat. [17:29] They’d trade their granny for this. [17:31] (makes kissing noises) [17:36] Hello? [17:39] (makes kissing noises) [17:42] Good girl. Come on then. [17:44] Good girl, what’s this? [17:46] Awh. [17:48] Mm-mm-mm. [17:51] So clicking... [17:53] Yep. [17:54] ...that just tells her you’ve done well, and the reward is the oil. [17:58] We don’t give them lots of it, otherwise it tends to not be such a treat. [18:02] But I think she’s done a really good job there this morning. [18:04] -With a completely new layout... -Indeed. [18:07] ...with clear bits in it and some idiot looming over her with a camera. [18:11] Yeah, that’s a pretty good job, that is. [18:12] And she’s never run through the clear bits before. [18:14] So, the pipe is not blocked. [18:16] But there is a second use for ferrets and industrial pipes. [18:19] Sure, there are robots you can send in to do that sort of investigation, [18:22] you could send a snaking camera down there or just an automated crawler, [18:25] but as I’ll show you in a bit, the ferret’s probably better at the job. [18:29] And it’s also probably better at pulling cables. [18:32] What if you already have the underground pipe, [18:35] and you want to put a new piece of cable through it? [18:37] -High-vis vest. -It’s a ferret harness! [18:39] It’s a high-vis vest for a ferret! [18:41] There you go. [18:43] And again, probably tries to make it as difficult for me as she can, [18:46] because that’s what they do. We fit it on. Oops. [18:49] You’ve had some experience with that, haven’t you? That was smooth. [18:55] Round there, fasten it up as tightly as we can. [18:57] And again, you have to remember [18:59] that these guys can breathe in, are very supple, and, [19:03] although you may think I’m putting that on too tightly, [19:06] I can guarantee she’ll get out of it if you don’t. [19:09] So, she has a line on the end. [19:10] This is a Heath Robinson device I’ve knocked up [19:13] that feeds it out without it tangling. [19:16] We made the run a bit simpler for this, [19:17] because the corrugated pipe wasn’t quite wide enough to fit my camera down. [19:21] And so the plan is: the ferret pulls the string, [19:24] we attach the string to the camera, [19:26] we send the camera back down for a ferret’s-eye view for the final shot. [19:30] Oh, she’s moving! [19:31] Because that’s how cable-pulling works: [19:33] the ferret can’t carry a camera, but it can pull a string. [19:36] And this is a real thing that happens to run cables, [19:39] including, famously, for the TV coverage of the wedding of Charles and Diana. [19:43] Hello! [19:47] Nope. [19:48] Didn’t like the, uh... [19:50] I think didn’t like me there. [19:52] That might have been me. [19:54] There she goes. [19:54] Yep. I need to learn to stay back with this. [19:56] That string, [19:57] once it’s through, can be used to pull a bigger string, and a bigger cable, [20:01] and so on, and so on, and so on, [20:02] until the cable you want is through the pipe. [20:04] And there she is. Hello! [20:07] Why not just use a robot? [20:09] Or a simple machine? [20:10] Well, granted, my camera on a stick is not a particularly intelligent device, [20:14] but if you want a perfect demonstration of why ferrets are still used for this... [20:18] let’s just say running the camera through didn’t exactly go smoothly. [20:22] So, ferret ran the cable. [20:25] Cable attached to stick. [20:28] Stick attached to camera. [20:30] Ferret’s-eye view whenever you’re ready. [20:32] Okay. [20:33] Go! [20:51] Go on. [20:54] It was a valiant effort. [20:56] Hang on. [20:58] Try that. [21:01] Turns out there are many things where four legs [21:03] might still be the best way to do it. [21:05] Well, it wasn’t one smooth run, but it got the job done. [21:08] Yeah. I’m amazed it did. [21:09] -Thank you very much, sir. -You’re welcome! [21:12] Next time, or right now on Nebula: [21:14] an ancient ritual shrouded in mystery [21:17] where I end up in just a little bit of pain. [21:20] That’s not clickbait, it’s actually a mysterious ancient ritual.