Should I Die?

[00:09] Someday, I will die. I would take that in a second. Is death something I should deny forever,

[00:26] or is death and the role it plays in the universe something I am better off accepting?

[00:56] death affects how we live and treat one another. proposes that people like you and me manage the terror of death's inevitability

[01:11] That the more aware a person is of their own mortality, their particular views of the world onto others. Jeff Greenberg and Tom Pyszczynski,

[01:27] suggests that, often, we are afraid of change Each one of us has a worldview, we identify with that can live on

[01:42] TMT suggest that rises in nationalism and prejudice are correlated with rises in the salience of mortality. in people's minds.

[01:56] and two of TMT's originators, Jeff and Sheldon, of Terror Management Theory and real-life reminders of death.

[02:10] Well, I think we're going to hope for the participants to be more punitive in their assessments.

[02:22] For our study, staffed by actors, of what they were told was a focus group

[02:34] During the actual study, each group will hear a list and will then be asked to propose a punishment ranging from 1 to 7, with 1 being the most lenient

[02:50] The control group will simply enter the survey room The experimental group, however, to reminders of their own mortality

[03:03] Also, the questionnaires they fill out Decades of TMT research have shown that when presented those who are more aware of their own deaths

[03:19] But will our real life reminders of death, Well, first, let's look at the control participants.

[03:32] Now, I cannot emphasize this enough. This is just about your gut-level reactions. After raising millions of dollars in grant money

[03:47] a fundraising manager unhappy with this life and was arrested months later in Tasmania, So, 1, least punishment: three months in prison;

[04:01] Please answer now. This is one that I think does have worldviews on both sides.

[04:17] If our control group is already maxing out like that, to show any effect of mortality salience. mortality salience's effect,

[04:32] Hey, personal differences, huh? posed as a surgeon and bungled a minor operation The patient recovered fully after additional treatment.

[04:47] 1 is six months on probation, 7 is ten years in prison. If you are taking on the persona of a doctor, we would expect good behavior.

[05:02] and was found to be under the influence of narcotics, and ruining her career.

[05:14] drove through a red light, by a talented pianist. when they saw a woman sunbathing nude.

[05:29] We're also learning a lot about the worldviews people have. [Jeff] Yeah, absolutely. for spray-painting profanities at the Lincoln Memorial

[05:45] Wow, she went 1 right away. [Sheldon] Yeah.

[05:58] We really appreciate it. in a mathematical analysis. These are the averages and medians per participant.

[06:11] But this is ground for optimism, at least. and our control group gave an average of 4.5.

[06:23] Absolutely. Remember, they will be seeing posters that remind them and will be asked different questions

[06:36] For example...

[06:50] The point is to prime their mortality salience. towards worldview violations. to fund education for needy children,

[07:03] and was arrested months later in Tasmania. 7: ten years in prison. Please answer now.

[07:17] Please hold up your answers. Ah, okay.

[07:31] posed as a surgeon and bungled a minor operation 1: six months on probation; 7: ten years in prison.

[07:45] -They are thinking a lot more. -Yeah. -[Sheldon] Wow. -[Michael] A 10.

[07:59] [Jeff] We'll call it a 7. even though I'm breaking the bounds and the rules of the task.

[08:13] for spray-painting profanities at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. they clearly seem to be taking a bit more time

[08:28] -to deliberate. -Yeah.

[08:40] [woman] Okay, thank you so much. So if you won't mind hanging out for a moment, to ask you a couple questions.

[08:53] we showed our experimental group were salient enough. did you all notice the posters at all? Okay. All right.

[09:11] -That's right. -[all laugh] something that's called Terror Management Theory. And it's the idea that your own awareness of your mortality

[09:25] can affect the behaviors that you exhibit. knowing that we are mortal, by behaving in certain ways, Because we could kind of live on through the societies

[09:41] [Jeff] Did any of you feel like you were still thinking I was definitely going after people who transgressed -Yes, I noticed that. -I was definitely doing that.

[09:57] [Jeff] Thanks so much. I appreciate. They were salient, but didn't cause the participants The control participants averaged about 4.5.

[10:14] The experimental participants were close to 4.7, So there's a slight tendency for the experimental people But we're talking about

[10:29] That's right. It just makes me hungry to run more people. Do you think that we did see any effects [Jeff] I feel like the mortality salient groups

[10:45] [Jeff] And they seemed more thoughtful. The difference was dramatic enough that we picked up on it. might need to go through more passes and more vetting,

[11:00] for our groups to respond. of 4 minutes and 46 seconds to decide on their punishments, took an average of 7 minutes, 18 seconds.

[11:15] In a sense, that really is the prediction. we want to do what's right. we want to make the right decisions.

[11:28] the goal isn't to prove one thing one way or the other. -That's correct. -...in the most careful way. Absolutely. To know a little bit more today than yesterday.

[11:42] [Jeff] Yeah. that there's still a lot to discover I'm particularly intrigued by our observation

[11:56] mortality salience appears to cause, increased consideration and thought. But the point is this:

[12:11] if death's effects aren't all entirely bad, or at least at the same time we also find a way to accept it?

[12:26] Now, obviously I don't want to die, at least not soon. and being less afraid of it feels powerful and honest.

[12:38] And I have a friend who can help. a mortician, author, and death positivity activist,

[12:54] the aspects of death that most of us prefer to ignore. What do you say to someone who comes to you and says, "so scary and sad

[13:11] Is this person dying, or is this person...? This person is you. Okay, so... First, you're dealing with the primal existential quandary

[13:26] -Yes. -And you are one of, you know, So you're not alone in feeling this way. and we begin to understand

[13:40] that someday ourselves and everyone we love will die. And I think from that moment, to handle that and to integrate that into our lives.

[13:56] I think that the more obvious ones would be having a child, creating a legacy of some kind. which is war.

[14:11] Being rich and being okay with other people being poor. "But I'm okay, because I have this money, "or I have this power, or I have these kind of dark impulses

[14:25] that allow me to say, at least I can outrun death in that way." But you can trick yourself into believing that. the Western relationship to death?

[14:41] If you were my husband and you died, I would wash your body. We would put you in the coffin and carry you on our shoulders,

[14:57] -Right. -It would have been But what happened around the turn of the 20th century One, you had the rise of hospitals.

[15:12] which means that we are now outsourcing our death. So all of a sudden, all food production

[15:24] And we live in our suburban houses, And it's just these layers and layers of denial around death.

[15:36] But what does it mean to accept death? I don't think that you ever truly accept death. But I believe that the movement toward accepting death

[15:48] about where you're hiding your fears of death. That's where real awareness and acceptance can come from. I don't get to continue learning things

[16:04] And I'm just not part of Earth anymore. when you think about it? If you didn't have an end point, are you going to come in here

[16:19] with all these cameras and do the huge amount of legwork No. Right. Because you're like, "I don't know, maybe I'll do it Whereas right now, you're taking in information left and right,

[16:33] You want to produce exciting things -Because this is my one chance. -This is your one chance. The passion and the realness to life comes from an ending.

[16:45] What's an unhealthy relationship to have to your own mortality? and the pursuit of, "I will stay alive That worries me.

[17:00] to live forever from here on out It's not-- You know, it's just not a sensible position to take.

[17:14] of a new era of possibilities unfold What will our amazing world be like in, say, 80, Wouldn't you like the possibility

[17:29] [Michael] To understand why some people I've come to Alcor, -Linda. Hi, I'm Michael. -Hi, how are you?

[17:42] -Welcome to Alcor. -Thank you for having me here. who co-founded Alcor nearly 46 years ago. is where you both cryo-preserve people and store them.

[17:57] [Linda] Yes. We have 160 patients. eleven hundred and ninety-something members. -who is alive today but has... -Alive today.

[18:12] Once they are cryo-preserved, they become patients. Tell me about why you use that word. For us, death is not something which is like an on/off switch.

[18:27] -Mm-hmm. -What we are trying to do is to slow down and stop the dying process. first you have to pay between 80 and $200,000

[18:42] or more specifically, be pronounced clinically dead. At that point, Alcor can begin their work.

[18:54] for this procedure. Oh, and does "neuro" just mean head? which is all of the structures down to about the clavicle.

[19:08] Everybody in my family, who's now in stasis, is a neuro. who really understand the technology are neuros.

[19:21] The primary reason that people choose whole body is emotional. with the idea of their body being removed and discarded. So let's say that our patient is whole body.

[19:37] they go into an ice bath. And it's water in there as well. They're intubated, and their lungs are functioning again.

[19:51] Circulating the cooler temperatures. the arteries, the vasculature, the heart. You need all of those continuing to pump and circulate.

[20:03] So basically, they'll go into this specially developed operating table.

[20:16] It is going to be circulating nitrogen gas over them And if it's a whole-body patient, and then we begin circulating the organ transplant solution.

[20:33] the patient's blood is replaced and circulated through the vascular system and external temperatures of the body.

[20:45] reaches its freezing point, These act like antifreeze, that could damage soft tissue.

[20:58] Now, say that it is a neuro patient. Right. The surgeons will do the neuro separation first.

[21:10] which is all of the structures down to about the clavicle. to this operating field.

[21:24] And we introduce the organ transplant solution. essentially their head, in here. [Linda] Yeah.

[21:38] a crazy sci-fi movie. [Michael] After the vitrification process is complete, that are attached to open metal cases,

[21:52] filled with liquid nitrogen, called dewars. We have 159 patients. There are approximately

[22:08] Four whole bodies and five neuros. is where my husband is currently housed.

[22:21] This is where Fred is at the moment. My mother and my father-in-law are... because I am right now not in a graveyard.

[22:37] No. Alcor is very much like an ambulance -but a hospital in the future. -Yeah. They're not being transported through space,

[22:53] [Michael] To see what drives this time-traveling ambulance, Alcor's CEO, and a future neuro patient.

[23:05] to revive cryo-preserved specimens? before we can bring back whole human beings.

[23:17] But we already cryo-preserve eggs, sperm, heart valves, all kinds of things. -Mm-hmm. -You move from that to an organ,

[23:29] But we actually did an experiment a few years ago. oh, my food's over here and not over here. And then we just waited, brought them back,

[23:43] that the ones that have received the training we've proven to survive with memory. Because whole organisms are difficult to reverse right now.

[23:58] -the more convincing this is. -Wow. some questions come up, like, "should people die?" -I know what you're getting at. -But you lose something

[24:13] like we lost something when we got rid of slavery So I think people... I believe that, right now,

[24:27] over time, hopefully you kind of learn. your cognitive and physical health is declining. What if they both could keep going up indefinitely?

[24:40] and get smarter, and more knowledgeable, and wiser. because you got a much longer planning horizon. which I think will actually be a better world

[24:53] And if they say, well-- And this comes up all the time. Bullshit, okay? If that was true, then would they also advocate people who live to 90

[25:05] In fact, I think life gets more meaning the longer you live, So if anything, it increases the meaningfulness of life, I am rationalizing death.

[25:24] I don't think it's unhealthy to accept that you are mortal. One thing I have to stress, they always have to use the word "forever,"

[25:39] We're just offering a chance for people to be revived So we're not offering immortality. We're offering an unknown extension of human lifespan.

[26:01] Do I think that someday we will be able to cryonically freeze an entire person and then revive them? will change the meaning of death,

[26:16] that will improve all of our lives. But do I want to extend my life indefinitely? obviously death is a bummer.

[26:31] the universe managed fine without me Am I really so important Should I be around as long as possible?

[26:46] Or do those who will come later deserve their own world? Or should I decide to die when my time comes

[26:59] and return all this matter I'm borrowing back to the world? It's a personal choice we each get to make, And I've been thinking about it a lot.

[27:18] the mortician, to confront my own mortality. I've been surrounded by death lately. And, you know,

[27:33] then the Alcor patients are dead. I worked on Terror Management Theory. -My grandmother. -Oh, I'm sorry to hear that.

[27:51] And I realized, you know, I've never made a clear decision about what should happen to me. I'll figure that out when I'm older.

[28:05] So I want to be prepared. -Yeah. -So I have decided I want it to be my final moment of existence.

[28:19] And I've decided that I want to die. And you've come to the right place. I want to be naturally buried.

[28:33] You know, become worm food and plant food. But I kind of want a place where people can come So there's everything from just little discs in the ground

[28:52] to natural cemeteries -Yeah, yeah, yeah. -So, you know, So the first thing I'm going to give you to give a look over

[29:05] to have one of these. And why it's so important is that it's you as you're dying, right after you die,

[29:20] But also who that person is. So this isn't just about burial. This is dying. [Michael] A choice like this

[29:33] It used to be your only options upon death were cremation, embalming, or rotting away. But today, you can chose to pause yourself at death's door

[29:46] But I've decided not to do that. -Fire in the hole. -Okay.

[29:59] Weirdly, I feel very relaxed and good. was death-changing. Thank you.

[30:13] thank you for showing me the power of death's influence. Max, thank you for the work you are doing And, all you out there, as always, thanks for watching.