Certification Questions | Live AMA | Summer of CCNA | 06/18/2026

[01:39] and Twitch? It's everywhere we are streaming to right now. Hello, everybody. My name is Zach Hill. I'm part of the Network Chuck the Network Chuck YouTube, I'm not Network Chuck, clearly, but he will be

[01:52] here soon. Don't worry. Uh, give him about 9 minutes or so. He usually gets here right on time. But welcome everybody. Today is June 18th and this is part of our Summer of CCNA program. Every single day we do a daily check-in

[02:09] at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time and twice a month we do a live stream that's open to the entire internet, if you will. So if you're here joining us, thank you for being here. If you're not part of the Summer of CCNA program, it's

[02:24] join us if you're interested in that. There's a free option, there's a subscriber option, and there's a premium option. The premium option is what gives you access to the daily check-ins with Chuck and Keith. Um so I'll put a QR

[02:38] code link on the uh screen here. So if you guys are interested in that, please check it out. And also, don't forget to join us on Discord either. If you haven't yet, we are chilling in the live stream chat on Discord. Uh we should

[02:52] have the chat where it's, you know, cross-platform. So we should see all of the uh communication that you guys have, whether you're on Discord or YouTube or wherever. Um so yeah, if you have questions or

[03:07] going to say anything, we'll be able to see it all uh anyway. Uh be sure to join where we try to keep all of our community in one little like central location. Uh we have a lot of support there with all of our members there. So

[03:19] if you need help or assistance with anything like labs and things like that, uh we can definitely help you out in the Discord as well. And speaking of labs, I'm going to give a huge scout a shout-out to our partner Skill Bit.

[03:31] Skill Bit is a company that I've been associated with for a very long time. They used to be called MetaCTF. They host all of our virtual labs. So all the virtual labs that we have for our Summer of CCNA program, they're all hosted over

[03:45] there on Skill Bit and we cannot thank them enough for providing that service Uh they've been very reliable in everything that we've we've been doing so far and uh if you haven't checked out Skill Bit at all, go check it scan the

[03:58] screen, right there. Uh and uh check out what they have to offer cuz they also have a lot of different challenges there that are more similar to like capture the flag type of style uh challenges and competitions and

[04:12] things like that. So, if you're looking to learn more and uh level up with some hands-on labs, definitely check out Skill Bit as well. But, now I I've got through our welcoming everybody. Now, I'm going to

[04:26] check out the chat. So, hello everybody and Heidi already has this kicked off. Hello Zach from Wyoming. So, if you are joining us in Discord, which I hope you going to put the QR code on the screen because one thing that I love to do is

[04:40] ask everybody to post their favorite GIF in Discord that shows us where you are calling in from and I am going to be the first one to do it cuz I know that there's a delay. So, let us know where you're calling in from. I put my image

[04:55] or my GIF in Discord. If somebody sees that, they should maybe have an idea of where I'm located at in the world. Uh but yes, definitely join us there.

[05:07] We'll be getting started with the actual live stream in about 6 minutes or so. because we want to make sure that everybody has enough time to get logged in. So, uh typically, you know, you're getting like notifications on your phone

[05:20] or your email or something. You maybe need a few minutes to uh get logged into the stream. We like to get these started a little bit early just so you guys have pens and paper ready. Today, we're talking about subnetting, which is going

[05:33] to be joining us here uh to jam out subnetting with us, which man, if you have not experienced Jeremy as an instructor, you are in for a real treat. He is an an artist and uh loves drawing on the

[05:47] stream and it like I I don't know what it is about his drawings and the way that he describes things, but it really helps connect a lot of that material. Um so it's easier to understand. Which channel are you on now that this

[05:59] one is open to everybody today? It is live stream chat in Discord. So I'll type it here. Live stream chat.

[06:12] give you another link to the Discord. I'll put that up on the screen so you guys can see that. What time is it in America? For me it is 3:55 p.m. Central Standard Time. That's where

[06:26] There's nothing exciting about subnetting. No, there's lots of things exciting about subnetting. You have to learn it. You have to know it. Hello from Nigeria. Oh my goodness. CCNA Labs, you're first live from Chuck.

[06:40] Well, welcome. Glad you're here. We got somebody from UK, Texas. We got somebody from UK, Texas. More Nigeria. That's awesome. I love it. Technotheos, Gino's East? It could be. You know what? They're very much it

[06:53] You know what? They're very much it could be Gino's East. Academy. Let me grab you all a link. I'll put it in the chat as well.

[07:07] the chat as well. Create an invite. Invite to server. Create an invite. Invite to server. Here is a link to the Discord server. And we also talked about Skill Bit. I should throw a link to Skill Bit in the

[07:21] chat as well. So there's a link to Skill Bit if you guys need to need easy access Bit if you guys need to need easy access to click on that. 22:53 in Belgium. Is that 10:53 p.m.? Welcome from Egypt. Oh my goodness.

[07:36] Welcome from Egypt. Oh my goodness. Morocco. Oops. Spokane, Washington. Morocco. Oops. Spokane, Washington. That's awesome.

[07:50] Hello, sir. How are you doing today? >> Hey, dude. I'm pretty good. Um and I'm loving that shirt. >> The pink I've got I I love pink shirts, I don't know. It's It's my jam. >> No, I just the the uh

[08:03] >> contrast of it saying hacker with pink. I really enjoy that. >> Oh, yeah. It It looks It looks solid. You have the the beard today. And I >> [laughter] >> I like it.

[08:16] Well, we're we're live streamed out to everybody today, so say hello to everybody who's who's joining us. >> Are we live right now? >> Oh, cool. >> Over 260 people.

[08:30] Well over that. There's a lot. >> How is everyone doing today? Yeah, I'm rocking my uh Frodo shirt today. >> Are we going to hear uh Lord of the alerts go off and things? >> That's a good idea. I I haven't thought

[08:43] about that. If you guys aren't part of the uh the day-to-day streams we have, I'll normally have some like AI processes going off in the background. And um So, I I'm a nerd, right? So, when I have

[08:56] my cloud code doing stuff, whenever I start a new session, it'll make Harry Potter sounds. When I end one, when it finishes a job, it'll do like a swoosh. It's just It's fun. It's fun. >> It's fun. You You have always done my

[09:09] always been somewhat jealous of. I remember one time we did a live stream together many many And this is like a story I told to everybody. Like you had this ticker set

[09:22] subscribers you had and how many subscribers I had. competition for you. And like I always remember that. I've always thought that stuff like that into everything that you're doing. It's like you make it fun,

[09:35] right? It's like outside of like the technical aspect of whatever it is that you're doing or learning, you're finding ways to make it fun or more interactive. And I always just appreciate that, you know, from you. And a lot of people

[09:49] don't do that, but there are a lot of nerds out there like you who just take it that extra step because like there's something about that that extra step that like you find enjoyment from. Right?

[10:01] >> Yeah, 100%. Like and this is why I was always so late to so many of my live streams because I would try to add like one more fun thing. And it would always break. It would always

[10:15] >> That was fun. Was that Jeremy? Jeremy? >> No. that. I the gremlins in the background. That's >> [clears throat] >> tech gremlins.

[10:29] Awesome. I Jeremy has his coffee, so he is ready today. We all have our coffees. >> I brewed some extra today cuz it's a 90-minute thing, right? You got to come >> You do have to come prepared today. >> I may have to I may have to like exit

[10:43] this this is all I've got. >> Sip slowly. >> I will I will say about 5 years ago, I went to Costco and got

[10:56] one of the De'Longhi, you know, that it's like the 500 I was like this is it espresso machine. And that has changed my life. Like it's And that has changed my life. Like it's it's so it's so simple. You just I

[11:10] it's so it's so simple. You just I literally push a button. >> That's the thing is that I just came from from Chuck's Texas Paradise and he's got an amazing machine.

[11:26] but it takes forever Uh like I'm I'm like I just want to I just want a good cup of coffee. >> No, no, see a good cup of coffee, everything good takes time, Jeremy. And it's a craft. So, like, you know, this

[11:42] brewing this isn't a quick process, but it's a it's a a ritual that gets me ready for the next task, like doing a 90-minute live stream. It's a thing. It's a thing. You try to rush everything, man, you lose you lose the

[11:55] >> I'm going to have to agree on this one cuz I grind my coffee every time I have a cup. I'm grinding coffee and putting in the espresso machine and going. >> Yes, sir. >> All right, everybody. Welcome to today's

[12:12] Jeremy. You're you're >> We're getting started. Welcome, everybody. If you don't know, this is part of our Summer of CCNA program. So, twice a month we do these

[12:25] live streams. They're open to everybody. The whole entire internet is more than Jeremy's going to be talking about subnetting, which I said is very like, "That doesn't sound very exciting." But I guarantee you that

[12:38] Jeremy is going to make this learning session very exciting. So, thank you all for being here. If you haven't been here before, every single day, outside of the twice monthly ones that we do for everybody, we come together every single

[12:51] day at 5:00 Eastern Standard Time, Jeremy, Chuck, myself, for our daily check-in for the Summer of CCNA. So, I'm going to put a QR code on the screen so you guys can join us for the Summer of CCNA if you haven't yet. This is a

[13:04] 4-month program where we're going to take you from zero to hero, basically. The whole goal here is to get you guys, excuse me, prepared for taking the CCNA exam. So, we have a lot of video material, reading

[13:17] for uh for the Summer of CCNA, but we also have some practical hands-on labs Uh, our good friends over at Skill Brit have uh, partnered with us to deliver for us. So, if you guys haven't checked out Skillbit

[13:31] Give them a shout out. Tell them that we sent you. They would love to hear from and fun and excitement over there for all their virtual uh, labs that they offer. So, definitely go and check them out. And of course, if you guys haven't

[13:45] yet, please please join us on Discord cuz that's where we try to keep all of our community in one central location. If you have questions about anything, we have bunch of people there, moderators and tons of helpful students as well.

[13:58] questions. Hang out with us. Uh, we would love to have you there. And one last thing. One last thing. I said yesterday in our surprise for everybody. >> Oh, yeah.

[14:13] >> I I said that Jeremy and Chuck didn't know what it was. I don't know. I still not. But, I'm going to share it with y'all right now. It is our official summer CCNA swag is here. The website is live right now. I'll make sure that I

[14:28] live right now. I'll make sure that I put this in the chat for you. So, if you guys want to get swag, we got t-shirts, stickers, and we're going to be doing stickers, and we're going to be doing giveaways. So, be sure to stay tuned.

[14:41] you can be part of the giveaways so you can win t-shirt or sticker of your choice, of course. And I'm super stoked about that. I put a link for that in the chat so you guys can all check that out if you'd like. That's all.

[14:55] >> click the buy now, Zach? I I'm curious what it looks like. I You're right, I Oh, look at that. >> And just so you guys know, this is not AI designed. This is all in-house. Actually, it's one of our it's our lead

[15:07] graphic artist. So, he >> Shout out to Mike. Thank you, Mike. put another link in the chat cuz I know the chat was going a little bit crazy.

[15:19] There you go. You guys want swag, want to support, and show that you're part of this program, get a t-shirt, get a sticker, show us off, show yourself off. >> Yeah, I've got my sticker rocking on my

[15:31] >> Yeah, I've got my sticker rocking on my water bottle right now. >> Now that the site's live, I got to order mine. So, hopefully in a week we'll get one. And I got to buy Mike a one apparently, too. So,

[15:43] >> Awesome. >> All right, Jeremy, Chuck, are you guys >> Yes. >> Absolutely. Um absolutely. Uh and and I >> it's funny I I um

[15:58] LinkedIn, and we do look at all your comments. Uh and and it's funny how uh how surprised I think people are when Chuck you and I respond to it to people. Chuck you and I respond to it to people. They're like, "Oh my gosh. Like like the

[16:12] They're like, "Oh my gosh. Like like the funny thing is is I always um I always tell people we're famous among nerds. Like like it's not like you like it's not it's like I'm sorry to tell you, Chuck, you're not Tom Cruise. Like

[16:26] like we we get a lot of comments. Um but but at the same time it's not like we're untouchable or anything like that. So, yes, we do read them, and yes, we do

[16:38] respond to them. Um I just saw one on there uh this morning where someone was saying, "It's so weird how literally we session on subnetting, and they're doing a whole session on subnetting." And and

[16:53] I'm like like that's that is what we're here for. We are here for you guys. Um and it was fun bringing uh you know, Zach joined us at the beginning of Summer of CCNA, and he Zach even you I'm I'm not I

[17:06] mouth, but you were you were like, "I can't believe you guys are doing this. Like you are literally day after day after day hanging out with these people for months uh guiding them through." And he goes, "Nobody's ever

[17:18] >> No. No, it's it's a very rare thing. Anytime I tell anyone this, they're doing you're showing up at a live stream single day?" Yes. Yes. >> And the reason for that though, like one

[17:33] thing that I think that has truly been missing from all training just in existence period, right? Like from the get-go has been accountability. And I think by us, you guys especially, you guys came up with this. Being here

[17:46] every single day to interact, connect with the students provides accountability for the progress, the journey that they're going through. guys told me that I just had to sit on that for a minute. Like, are you guys

[18:00] serious? You're really going to do Like that is incredible. It blew my mind, honestly. And I'm so thankful that like being a part of this. And I'm not trying to like talk it up of like, "Hey, like

[18:13] like it's so different when you when you have that accountability aspect to it. When you have these daily check-ins where we are here for you. And as Jeremy said, like we are responding to you guys on

[18:26] social and everywhere that we can. We're here for you. That's That's why the Summer of CCNA exists. We wanted this to be an interactive and engaging learning journey with you guys. So, thank you for being here. Like I truly

[18:40] cannot thank you all enough for sharing your time with us. Because you guys all taking time out of your lives to sit here with us nerds. And that's incredible. Thank you, truly for that. >> It's not too late to join.

[18:54] going to be straight up. You're about a month behind. But But the thing the Oh, whoops. I I hit the wrong button. Uh thing about about uh about it is um uh you can Yeah, you're going to be a

[19:09] was like, you can't No, you can't really skip it. You'll you'll But all of the live streams that we do every single day we do a live stream and we record it and um you it's >> You can simulate being part of it.

[19:25] You'll just We'll just be so far ahead. We're about a month in. So, Chuck, I do stand corrected. you are Tom Cruise. >> Yeah. Yeah.

[19:40] Cruise of networking because I can go outside and just walk around and be a >> Yeah, that's >> Yeah, this is go live or something, but otherwise, anywhere else is fun. >> Absolutely.

[19:53] Um All right. Let's get into it. Uh so, we have Let's just do a quick time check cuz I like these sessions feel like they go so fast uh that we're done. So, we've got literally a

[20:07] more than an hour right now that we can talk about subnetting. And I'm telling you, by the time we're done here, you will know how to do subnetting. But before we even do that, the funny thing is

[20:21] I've been teaching subnetting for so long, uh sometimes it's just like, okay, subnetting. You'll be able to do this. It's no problem. And I've had people subnet. And they don't have any idea where they

[20:35] can actually apply the skill to. Uh so, I'm like, oh, we've missed a like the the end goal of subnetting is not subnetting. The end goal of subnetting is that you can design your networks efficiently and effectively to where

[20:50] you're using your IP addresses well. Um so, first and foremost, uh yesterday, Chuck, we talked about three classes of >> Class A. Class B.

[21:05] And Class C. Now, I do want to preface with this. Um even if you've done subnetting before, you're watching this now, and you're going to you're going to maybe learn it

[21:18] in it. You're going to forget it. You're going to. Why do I know this? Because I forget it all the time. I I made a course on it, and I forget it. I have to come up against subnetting, cuz you don't you don't do it all the time. You

[21:33] might, but you don't usually do it all the time. So, don't feel bad or weird. B, and C up there. >> Right. And and this is this is the >> Right. And and this is this is the reason why we have subnetting. So, so uh

[21:48] this is the first octet of an IP address, right? So, when you're looking at an IP address, when I see 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.0, I know that that is a class

[22:04] C IP address by default, which means it has the subnet mask 255.255.255.0. you're subnetting." Nope, I can't change what has been assigned via the class,

[22:19] but I can change what comes after that subnet mask. Everything in that zero territory is fair ground. So, so the first thing I want to make sure that everybody understands is why do we do subnetting in the first place? Um the

[22:35] reason why is we don't have enough IP addresses to just throw like crazy all over uh the network. So, so in the in the CCNA course that you're going through, you're building uh Castle Rising Coffee. Um we eventually changed

[22:50] that over to Network Chuck Coffee. But for now, uh it's Castle Rising, and then we've got all these little coffee shops. shops. Now, Chuck, if if we used the class C

[23:04] address and we said uh uh each each one of these coffee shops gets a 192 168 address, how many coffee shops could we get before we'd run out?

[23:18] address, you're saying? >> No, one not one address one subnet. >> Oh, one subnet. How big? I'm I'm I'm saying it wrong. >> I was reading comments and I'm coming

[23:32] >> [laughter] >> I was sorry. So, if if I just stuck to the classful version, 192.168, um about how many subnets would I end up I I'm I'm saying subnets. How many

[23:46] networks would I have of 192 networks? 192.168 networks? >> Oh, how many 192 I I don't know. If you're you're saying I I thought network. >> Yeah, I I I know and I I I said it all

[24:01] wrong. I pulled you in at the wrong point. Um you would have 256 networks that you can have, meaning coffee house one would be 192.168.0.0,

[24:16] Now, I'm going to give you a little shortcut. We'll explain why later, but a class C subnet mask is that it can you can write it shorthand a /24. You'll it'll make total sense as to why that is later, but I'm just going to save myself

[24:29] from writing. So, this one would be 192.168.1.0/24. This would be .2.0/24. This would be .3.0/24, right? So, you would be able to go from zero

[24:42] So, you would be able to go from zero all the way up to 255, wait, that's the broadcast. If you if you've got had a little IP address you know, actually with with this the the networks that we're doing, um

[24:55] 192.168.255.255 is the broadcast. Just having a 255 is totally fine. So, you would end up with 256 sites. But, that's assuming

[25:07] that you have one VLAN at each one of those locations. If I changed it, if I'm like, "You know what? Let's let's split it. We're going what? Let's let's split it. We're going to have uh Wi-Fi for our patrons. Um but

[25:20] I want that off of off of the network, right? I don't want them to be able to hack our POS systems or the back office servers in the coffee shop, right? So, I'll have uh two VLANs at each site. We talked about VLANs earlier in the

[25:33] course. A course, a VLAN is a network. A VLAN is a subnet. So, if I say, "I've got VLAN, let's just say 10, which will be the private network that that my employees and staff are using, and VLAN 11 will be the public.

[25:50] That'll be the public Wi-Fi that we just allow anybody to use." Well, the problem in doing that is now I've got all of these subnets and I just have one subnet for the private, and so

[26:03] that would be uh 0.0. And then I'd have one subnet for the public. That'd be one subnet for the public. That'd be 1.0. So, if I stuck to the class full version of networking,

[26:15] I'm host because I just took my coffee houses from I could have took my coffee houses from I could have 256 of them before, and I go I just cut it in half, and I'm down to 128, right? And all of a sudden I'm like, "Oh, wait.

[26:27] No, I wanted three VLANs at the site because I I I don't know. I'm trying to make something up because of a reason I needed a third VLAN, whatever that is." You know, as soon as I do that, I I then cut my cut my

[26:39] subnets down again. Now now I've got 256 divided by three. You know, that's that's uh By the way, I'm doing this longhand because on the CCNA exam, uh longhand because on the CCNA exam, uh no, you do not get a uh calculator. So,

[26:52] no, you do not get a uh calculator. So, uh we're at about uh what uh 85 or so subnets that we end up with. So, so 85 or I should say 85 stores if we have three subnets at each store uh that we have in there, right?

[27:06] So, this is why this I'm giving you one situation as to why we do subnetting is because because if if each VLAN is a subnet,

[27:18] then the classful way of doing this doesn't give me enough. I need to be further. So, I'm going to stop right there for just a Um Chuck, Zach, does this make sense? As as

[27:34] solve? Cuz I think sometimes people see subnetting as the problem that we're trying to solve and it's not. Subnetting is the answer to a bigger picture network design issue that we're trying to solve. So, one of you guys

[27:47] say back to me what you what you heard in this scenario. >> [laughter] >> Don't do it to me. I'm >> Don't do it to me. I'm the networking guy.

[28:02] relay back anything useful, honestly. I was going in between chat and and listening to you cuz I'm trying to pay attention cuz this is helpful for some I'm sorry, man. >> Well, I will say that so VLANs might

[28:16] watching and we haven't really covered VLANs just yet, Jeremy. Have we? Like we haven't gone through what it is. For this point, it's just a network. We're we're making other networks for our network. And this it stands for

[28:30] LAN, a local area network, that's your network. At your house right now, you're on a LAN, a local area network. When we have a virtual LAN, you're able to make because you're just kind of cutting it up and it's not tied to like physical

[28:46] Um So here, Jeremy, just kind of reiterate. So we're trying to So each each location we want a private saying. >> Yep.

[28:58] >> Okay. >> so we've got we've gone at that point from one network at each site, just like you said, Chuck, a VLAN is a network. It is a subnet work, right? And so as soon as we have

[29:12] uh more than one VLAN at site, we need more than one subnet. Um Chuck, house? >> I do. I Well, I mean, it depends. I have I have probably five at my studio and four at

[29:28] >> Mhm. So right there, as soon as Chuck says that, that's nine subnets that Chuck needs. Five at his his his home office, it's an office in a home that's not his home. So so five there, and then he's

[29:44] got four networks at his house. Each one of those needs a subnet. And if you I mean, even just think it This is why I'm talking about like even with Chuck in his house, if you've got 192.168, he's already burned nine of them. And that's

[29:58] just Chuck in a house. I mean, in a business environment where, you know, maybe it's not just 200 stores, you've got 2,000 stores. That's where we need subnetting to be able to break this down so that we can give each one of

[30:12] down so that we can give each one of these locations an IP address, right? Each one of these locations gets its own network or sets of network. I'm spending a little extra time there because I've done this so much that when when I teach

[30:25] people subnetting, they're like, I got subnetting. Now, where do I use it again? Like it's it's like this is this is the where. It's it's when you are designing and saying, "Okay, we've got multiple networks at a location, and we

[30:39] need to to assign them all IP addresses, this is the way to do it. Good? Yeah, and it's in to make it even more real world, like when I worked for a mortgage company, um chat in the in the chat if you work work for a mortgage

[30:54] company. How that normally works is you'll have a bunch of different sites across the US or wherever you are, and we ballooned from like 100 sites to probably 700, and each one of those having a

[31:08] network what Jeremy just described, 192.168.1.0 doing classful, that's out the window. Um so that's why we need subnetting. We need a creative way to divvy up those networks to make sure that we can have a

[31:20] too. And what we're doing here, this skill, accounting for how many networks you you you're you're going to have, preparing for that, accounting for growth, that's the challenge.

[31:34] Um but anyways, Jeremy, back to you. >> Step one of subnetting is you need to grab a skill of converting decimal to binary numbers. Because you and I see

[31:46] 255, you see zero, you see 192, the computer and the the the subnet mask are not interpreted that way by by the network. They see zeros and ones. So this is one of the core skills that you'll need for a lot of things, but

[32:01] definitely for subnetting. The way that I've I've I've explained this since my children were born uh has been uh Rico's Brick Shop. Um as the story goes, uh Rico bought a brick shop, and he stands up here, and

[32:17] he uh he's selling bricks to all the patrons that come. Now, these are very special bricks. Everybody comes from miles around to get uh Rico's bricks uh that are there. He's very happy about all these bricks that he's created. And

[32:30] it's a giant pile of bricks in the back that he's he's piled up. And so so to help Rico with all of his bricks that that he's selling, he hired I'll just have him floating up here. He hired Jack, the operations guy. Jack

[32:46] gets the bricks for people. So, this person would come up and and he would person would come up and and he would say, "Hey, I I need 150 bricks." And Rico would yell back to Jack. He goes, "Jack, 150." Jack is like, "All right."

[32:59] And so, he runs and he he's like, "Okay, here's one brick." Sets it down in front He runs back, grabs another one. "Here's two bricks." And you know, he's starting to sweat and and you know, meanwhile all of these these

[33:13] people behind here, I mean this guy's sitting here. He's like, "Okay, I want 100 bricks." You know, this guy you know in the back uh he just wants you know, 10 bricks. He's

[33:26] he's he's angry because he's like, "I got to I got to sit and wait while Jack is grabbing these." But thankfully, somewhere along this journey, Jack needs to go to hospital. He can't run anymore.

[33:40] And so, Rico closes the store. We we got to stop everything. Jack's like, "Rico, we got to palletize these things. We can't We can't just We can't just give people bricks one at a time. We need

[33:53] pallets of bricks." Rico's like, "Oh, that's brilliant brilliant pallets." So, so they come out. And and he goes, "Okay, we're going to have we'll we'll have we'll we'll do it this way. We'll we'll have a pallet of

[34:07] >> Hey Jamie. quit. I think you have some old students here. >> Oh, yes. Yes, Bob Bob died. I mean I I I hate to I hate to [laughter] break it to

[34:21] you. Uh but Bob actually he perished uh >> Oh, it was a terrible brick laying accident. >> It was a terrible brick accident. So, yes, some of you have have heard the story of Rico before. Rico still lives,

[34:35] obviously. Um so so he created a pallet of 64 Um so so he created a pallet of 64 bricks, of 32 bricks, a pallet of 16 bricks, a pallet of eight bricks, do do do do do do, pallet of four bricks,

[34:49] pallet of two bricks. 1 2 3 4 and a pallet of one bricks. Uh one brick. Uh and and so so Jack said, "Okay, Rico, now when somebody

[35:01] uh uh ask for bricks, uh ask for bricks, I will give you brilliant thing right here. I will give you flags.

[35:15] Minions for some reason. Like I have a flag. Um and so so he goes, "Okay, Rico, when the people come and ask, you know, for bricks, just stick them in the in I'll you know, I'll use my new handy forklift and I will uh will wheel them

[35:30] out to their car." So, Chuck, guy's still standing there. He's asking for 150 brick. Bricks. Where's Where's the first flag go? Where does Rico put the flag?

[35:43] >> So, Rico's going to put the flag on the 128 brick pallet. >> Yep. 128 brick pallet. Get used to doing the math, my friends, because you will not have a calculator. So, that would be 22

[35:55] bricks left over. Uh does he put a flag in the 64 bricks? >> No. >> No. He does not. Zack, >> Tempting. 32 bricks. What do you got? >> No. 16.

[36:10] >> There you go. 16 bricks. Stick the flag in there. 16 bricks. else? >> Four and two. >> You got it. Boom. Four and two. Just like that, Jack

[36:24] Four and two. Just like that, Jack wheels it out to the car and that guy Everybody's happy. And so so he he's now got 150 bricks in his car and you just learned the essential skill of

[36:39] converting from decimal to binary. So where the flags are so so when we say an IP address is IPv4 um it just so happens that that is a four byte address.

[36:53] Each one of these is one byte of information and we learned it earlier when I was I we were talking about speed on the network, you know, kilobytes versus kilobits per second, things like that. And how many bits are in a byte?

[37:16] >> It's about 15 seconds I think today. It's a little bit it might be a little >> There it is. Eight bits. >> There we go. >> I'm guessing eight. >> in a byte. It takes so a bit is a zero

[37:28] and a one. So it takes eight ones and zeros to make that number. Uh so if you were to send the number one across the network, I see all of the people coming in 88888. It's actually sending eight individual ons

[37:42] and offs uh to make that number one. It's it's kind of like Morse code. Right? So so when you're coming to uh 150, it is actually 1 0 0 where wherever

[37:54] you see no flags, that's the zeros. 1 0 1 1 0. is 150 in in binary.

[38:11] it. So okay. Okay. Zack, it's your turn. do it, but I'll go again. >> Convert Oh, yeah. No, that that's right. Chuck? >> No, I'll go. That's fine.

[38:24] >> Chuck convert get your own color. You're going to be orange. orange. Where do the flags go to convert 100 to

[38:37] a binary number? Any flags in 128? >> So, no flags in 128. We are going to find a flag in 64. We are going to find a flag in 64. >> Okay.

[38:53] >> All right. >> He's the one drawing, sir. >> I'll do it. I'll do it. I'd be Oh, wait. >> I just I just >> We've got uh What What am I doing here?

[39:05] >> I just As I'm talking to Chuck, I'm losing my ability to subtract. So, minus 64, there we go. We've got Carry the one. Nine. Okay, there we go. We've got uh six. Uh 36. By the time

[39:19] >> We could have done that in our head, but we not We're We're not. So, 36 left All right. >> flag in 32. What's left over? >> We got four left over.

[39:33] >> And that leaves us going straight to four. >> You got it. I'm going to erase all of the previous flags from the 150. Probably should have done that first. And there we go.

[39:46] 100 Oop. Oop. 100 as a binary number is 01100100.

[40:00] Congratulations. >> Exactly. When I When I first learned like when you when you hear binary, I mean it is the language of computers. And to be able to convert decimal, a number that we deal with, into a

[40:15] a number that a computer knows, that feels cool. Like it you feel like you learned something real and you are. You're learning like a real skill here. sure. >> I I agreed 100%. Like converting the the

[40:29] binary to actual like words. Like that >> That Don't you have Don't you have a >> I do. I have binary in my >> Shut up. Do you? >> Oh, we got to we got to bring him up. Uh >> I I don't know.

[40:42] >> There we go again. >> There you go. Who's going to figure it out? Whoever figures it out first wins a t-shirt. >> Those are literally eight eight-bit chunks.

[40:54] >> Zack has how many bytes on his on his arm? That's I thought I was all into subnetting. No, my friend. Zack is all in to subnetting. He has committed his life.

[41:11] >> Oh, all right. >> Help me convert 10 to a binary number. Any flags in 128? >> No. None in >> No. None in 128. None in 64. None in 32. None in 16.

[41:23] >> Flag. >> Nope. None in four. Then we're going to take two. >> Flag. 1 2 3 4 1 0 1 0 Voilà.

[41:36] You have done it. You have the first skill of converting uh or to subnetting is converting from decimal to binary. I'll I'll pause a minute in case somebody's taking screen caps cuz that's a great

[41:51] taking screen caps cuz that's a great screen cap uh to take and and you will life. Some people remember even Bob, the predecessor to Jack to Jack who uh >> I want to do a tombstone app. You got to have a tombstone.

[42:05] >> I I'm genuinely curious though. Like what did happen to Bob? Like did you Did or did you just forget about him and replace him with >> [laughter] >> He's gone. All right. Now, we're going

[42:20] to come into the first mode of subnetting. Uh converting not call it converting. Um I'm thinking about converting binary. Uh first mode

[42:35] about converting binary. Uh first mode of subnetting is subnetting >> All right. Sorry, here. Uh this died He got he got it right on what my binary says on my arm.

[42:50] >> Wow. >> Yep. Cuz Hackers was an influential movie to me growing up. So, I had to represent my >> That is pretty that

[43:03] Zach, you are you are more all in than I than I I thought you were. So, tell me what it was about Hackers that you connected with. >> So, I was it came out in '94. So, I was 10 at the time. And that and

[43:16] being 10 like technology, especially in '94, right? I don't know. There's few people here remember '94. Technology was really starting to become a thing, you know? So, like Hackers when I first saw that, I was like is this really what

[43:28] computers are like? Like this is so cool. And that was like my initial like kind of start of like oh, this these computer these look really cool. These are interesting. I want to learn more. And my my mom and dad like they had

[43:43] computers for the business and stuff they ran. So, I was able to like, you like availability of having computers there. initial like this is like the coolest thing I've ever seen. I want to do that

[43:58] one day. And that's yeah. I think that's part of >> Awesome. Awesome. That's cool. I haven't seen that movie in a long time, but it it's so good. >> It's I mean, not realistic at all,

[44:11] about it. It's like what's not realistic, but for a 10-year-old at the time was like, "Oh, this is so cool, you know?" >> Yeah, I I just for a movie to like have a phrase hack the planet and like

[44:24] literally every hacker I know every hacker I know says it either you know, tongue in cheek or seriously like it's just that everybody says it. So iconic. >> [snorts] >> It is.

[44:37] Subnetting based on network requirements. So, uh let's let's take our our uh coffee house example. Um let's say that at the coffee house

[44:49] um they would like they they you know, they've they've got uh let's just say they've they've got uh let's just say one at let's go with 192.168.1.0/24.

[45:01] And they say, "Okay, we want to break that like like right and again, I'm I'm I'm stepping back on this cuz I've taught this enough where where people will understand subnetting, but not get why they subnet. And so

[45:15] a coffee house might say, "Okay, we've got that network that's been given to us, but we want to break it into let's just go with six subnets." Right? Because maybe at the coffee house, they want they they're like

[45:28] Chuck's house, you know, to where they've they've got six VLANs uh that they they want to set up. And why would you do that? Well, maybe you've got a switch and and I've I've done this plenty of times. You've got a

[45:40] router right here and you bring the internet connection into the switch and this is your internet connection. You say, "Okay, I want to break those two ports into its own VLAN cuz that's literally the public internet coming

[45:54] into the switch and coming down here to the router on on the WAN interface, So, you might say, "Okay, those two ports need to be their own VLAN." That's That's one of them, okay? And then And then we'll have our public Wi-Fi, and

[46:08] then we'll have our private Wi-Fi, you know, for for the staff. And then maybe Uh this is this is you know, maybe maybe this is the the coffee house from the movie Hackers where people are doing BitTorrent, and I don't even remember

[46:22] that movie. I just remember they were kids trying to be so much cooler than But >> They were sharing books back then. They >> sharing books >> That old.

[46:34] >> They were sharing books. So, you want to create a little bookstore VLAN. uh that uh that people that are sharing books can be in their own little network, right? Normally, you'd have to like if you wanted six VLANs at your

[46:47] coffee house, you'd have to have 192.168.2.3.4.5, which means you would end up with, you know, each one of these up with, you know, each one of these networks have 250 some I'll I'll say 254

[46:59] usable host addresses, but maybe in the bookstore at the coffee shop you've got like five kids that are in there at any one time. I mean, it's a coffee shop. It what like you don't So

[47:13] of these IP addresses that they'll they'll never get used. So, this is the why um we would break this up into six different subnets, right? All right. Somebody say something really

[47:28] smart while I erase all this stuff. >> to say anything smart, but I do have a on my mind since you guys started talking about this. But, Chuck, like you you have six different VLANs or subnets, whatever, set up, right?

[47:43] whatever, set up, right? Why? >> Why? Okay. Why? Um so, it's more So, my concerns are mostly for security. That's a big thing you might do with

[47:56] uh I use 10. addresses, I use 10. addresses, uh which you can use. Uh I do uh a /24, which you're about to learn more about that for each subnet. It's the

[48:11] the reason I do this is because I might have uh one VLAN or one network for my That's their general use employee network. But, then I might have a a dedicated network for my servers. And I don't want my employees talking to my

[48:26] servers. Unless Unless I dedicate one for them. But, my servers are on their own network. They can't be talked to by my employees. They might have their own rules based on who can access what from the internet, from my

[48:39] employees. So, that's VLANs give you a great boundary to set rules for what that network's allowed to do and what um what what other people are allowed to do with that network. So, for example, in my network now, I have I

[48:53] have an IoT. And I think everyone should have an IoT network in their home. Uh actually, you know what? I'm making a video right now. guys. I've got this little um mini PC.

[49:08] I actually bought this in Japan. And uh I'm not sure if you guys heard. And now I'm kind of giving you a preview of the video right now. But, the FCC, the US government, has banned any foreign-made router.

[49:22] Any foreign-made router. And And that That is all routers. Because any router is going to have at least some sort of chip that's been manufactured overseas or it's been designed overseas. So, that rules out like everything.

[49:35] so, I'm like, "Let's Let's do a video about making your own router." So, I router using OpenSense, which is a very popular open-source thing. Um but, with this, I you you have the ability to make your own VLANs, your own networks. Now,

[49:50] why put your IoT devices on their own network? Well, because your IoT devices are inherently something you should not trust. You don't know what those things are talking to. You could have your your smart TV

[50:02] talking to another country. You don't know that. Um you could have a a smart was a great deal, and it's actually got a backdoor in it for hackers to get In that case, and you can't you even if you buy really good IoT devices that are

[50:17] are name brand, you don't know if they have vulnerabilities. You don't know if the newest AI model suddenly found a a firmware vulnerability firmware hacked. So, putting that stuff on its own network mitigates that risk or

[50:33] in your network. So, if something does get hacked in my IoT network, it's isolated to that one thing. In on an IoT network, I might say, "You are only allowed to talk to the internet. You

[50:46] cannot talk to any other host. You are only allowed to talk to the internet and no other network in my environment." All right. Zack, did that answer your question? >> Yeah, absolutely. But um

[50:58] I kind of like additionally here, right? I think a lot of people who are studying for their CCNA especially I I I see this all the time, people who are going to take their CCNA and studying for it, always feel

[51:11] like they need to then start setting up their own home network in a specific way. Like, right? You do you basically turn your own home network into a lab, right? Do you see people doing that all the time, Jeremy? I'm sure you've seen

[51:25] you teaching, right? Like, everybody just kind of assumes, "Okay, I'm going take this right to my production network at home." What advice do you guys have for people? Because I know people are like asking this question or thinking

[51:38] know, that you have this set up in your own home network. What advice do you about this at this point right now before you get started? and really thinking about this first of all? So put, you know, yes in chat you're

[51:52] thinking about it or whatever. >> Yeah, and so I mean my advice would be do it. Um it's the most natural thing in the world to be learning something cool with the CCNA and be like, "Oh, I want to I want to see if I can do this at

[52:05] control. That's where you can actually play around and that's where you can um many people getting mad at you. There's not so much money on the line. You're by your wife or something. I don't know, maybe you will. But uh

[52:23] yeah, like design your home network. Treat it like an enterprise network. Treat it like the things you're learning in the CCNA. Use best practices as much as you can. Design it well. Um that's my advice.

[52:36] >> Jimmy, do you have anything? >> I full-heartedly agree with that. Um and your your relatives also offer some if if you are married, they off also offer

[52:48] some decent pressure. Um I'm I mean when you take down the network and the when you take down the network and the kids can't play games or the TV's not you know, normally when you're like, "Oh, I'll figure that out whenever." And

[53:01] and if it's like they will add pressure to you and you've got to figure it out. And so so yeah, I I have I at some point in these live streams actually that I next next live stream

[53:16] I will tour um you guys through my home MDF. How about that? I'll I'll I don't know if we can do that on on restream, but I'm going to add my hopefully if we can, I'll add my iPhone and I'll walk down into my MDF of my

[53:30] house and give you a a sense of >> Ah, it's going to be fun. It might have to be a three-part series with the size of your house. >> I have a big house. I have actually have two IDFs if you can believe that. So I'm

[53:44] So yeah, it's >> Now you don't have to mimic that by any means. If you all have like your your Comcast or Cox or whatever router, you know, switch, you know, set up at home, definitely play around with it. Like

[53:59] that is a perfect playground and as they both kind of mentioned, you kind of have like peer pressure, not peer but like just pure pressure built in really with going to learn the technical skills but you're going to learn a little bit of

[54:12] time. So >> Yeah. own home lab. Like you can choose from a million different things and you can you can make a Raspberry Pi your router. Like the barrier to entry to this is so

[54:26] low now. It just takes creativity and time. And now with AI you can just ask going to connect and work?" Yes, it will. Cool. I'm going to buy them and will. Cool. I'm going to buy them and then just do it. So yeah, to echo Zach,

[54:38] like don't feel pressure but also if you're competitive put some >> I've got I've got strips of LED matter >> Uh-oh. >> right here. I've got

[54:50] these are my next my project as soon as I'm done here. These These are So that bookcase behind here LED lights. It's It's happening. Oh man, there it is. >> So we were talking about subnetting guys. Subnetting

[55:05] >> I'm sorry. I I got distracted a little bit but that was my fault. I'm so sorry to hear a little bit about that and everybody is like, "Yes, I want to do this at home." So that might be a future live stream too where we talk about how

[55:18] the stuff up at home. >> And [clears throat] like with the the network Jeremy's designing right now or the networks, the subnetworks, you can do in your house. Like how many of you have 192.168.1.0

[55:31] Look at your IP address right now. Everyone do it. IP config, IF config, IP >> First give the run command. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. Yeah, everyone put your your private IP

[55:47] You're going to dox yourself. Put your private IP address in the chat. I'm >> No. >> Good. Good. Good. Well, at Castle Rising uh we are working. So, I'm I'm So, when

[56:01] it'll often be like this. They'll say, "Okay, we need to subnet based on how given uh this situation. Your coffee house has 192.168.1.0 and a class C subnet mask. So, let me

[56:17] translate that. You have been given one network. You're stuck because you need six networks. That's the scenario. So, welcome to subnetting. First thing you want to do, and this is

[56:31] why I showed you this skill first, is convert the number of subnets to binary. So, number six, and by the way, you will it will do you well to remember those 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 of Rico and Jack uh

[56:50] putting our flags in there. It's like, "No. No. No. No. No. Yes. Yes. No." Um So, six

[57:02] in in uh binary in uh binary is actually 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 >> And by the way, for an exam, it's very popular to just memorize that cuz you

[57:15] when you get into an exam environment, like you're depending on how you are, your brain stops working. So, being able to just go in there and you can actually scratch paper. You can write down these charts for reference.

[57:28] >> Yep. Yep. And that would be one of the charts I would write down. Just take one up, right? Second thing, reserve bits in the mask and find your increment. Here's how this step works. So, this this is easy. Step

[57:42] one, done. Bing. Super easy, right? Okay, so we take our original subnet Okay, so we take our original subnet mask, 255.255.255.0,

[57:54] to binary. It's really easy to do, and people are really tempted to skip this part of the step, and I encourage you, please do not do it. Chuck, what is 255 in binary? >> All ones, maybe. All ones, all the way

[58:08] >> 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. That is 255. I mean, and it's answers the question people are like, "If we're out of IP addresses, why not just take it to 999?" You can't it because it's eight bits in each one of these octets, so you can only go to 255,

[58:21] right? So, when you're writing this in all binary, it's 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 1 2 3 all binary, it's 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Notice I went zeros because I'm now in this. I told you before,

[58:37] this is set. It was a class C IP address. I can't change any of that. That is set in stone as the RFC standard like powers unbeknownst to us would crush you if you tried to change any of those.

[58:52] But, these these are our playground. That So, this and and by the way, that's what subnetting is. It's saying, "I'm going to have less hosts, but more networks." And so, now I'm going to ask you a

[59:06] Chuck, and this is this is a trick question. Actually, Zach. >> [laughter] >> It's it's a trick question. How many >> It's it's a trick question. How many bits did it take to get the number six?

[59:22] >> Mhm. None. I don't know cuz they're well number six? >> Eight. Now now I've I'm in your head to where you're like, "What's What's going to

[59:35] trick?" Like Yes, it is an eight-bit Yes, it always always eight bits, but uh uh >> Three. >> The reason I say it's three The reason I

[59:51] people will look and they'll be like, "Oh, two." You know, cuz there's two Two bits, if you have two bits, the biggest number you could get would be three, you know, 1 + 2, right? Um so, this you you can't Let me say it a

[1:00:05] different way. You cannot get the number three or sorry, the number six with any less than three bits. Now, >> Uh-huh. >> Are we trying to get more networks or

[1:00:19] are we trying to get more hosts? >> We're trying to get more networks. >> We are. And our network bits ones or zero? >> Ones. >> So, here's what we do.

[1:00:32] We know we can't get the number six six subnets, that's what we're after, with any less than three bits. We know that network bits are one, so this is two three. One two three four five.

[1:00:48] >> We steal. >> We steal. Now, I know a lot of people 1 1 0, huh?" Doesn't matter. number actually doesn't matter at all. We just did that to find out how many

[1:01:02] bits do we need to get the number six. And so, we flip all those to network bits and we already know bits and we already know our new subnet mask.

[1:01:19] put that right here. Two three four five. So, this is 1 120 we're going backwards now. We've got 1 128, 164, 132, carry the one and

[1:01:31] got 1 128, 164, 132, carry the one and you've got 255.255.224. is the subnet mask that you will use at your coffee house to get your six

[1:01:45] Woo! We have subnetted! That that but it doesn't it doesn't mean anything to us yet because now we have to go, "Okay, well, what does that mean?" Let me let me grab

[1:01:58] our subnet mask is, but it doesn't mean anything to us yet. We're like, "Oh, that's a cool trick." But if someone's like, "So so so what?" the increment? The increment

[1:02:12] is the lowest network bit converted back to a decimal number. converted back to a decimal number. 128, 64, 32. 128, 64, 32. That is your increment.

[1:02:27] And now you can use that to find your network ranges. So, we're going to go 192. 168. dot 1. 0, that's where we started. That's the original network. Okay, 192. 168. 1.32.

[1:02:44] 1.64. 1.96. Chuck, what is the last IP address before we get to 32? >> 31. >> 31, brilliant. Last one before 60 64?

[1:02:59] >> 63. >> Nice, brilliant. You guys You guys, I'm telling you. 95, right? That's that's the last IP address. These are your ranges.

[1:03:12] These are what you can actually give to each one of those VLANs. Now, you guys know we've talked about this before. You can't use the first one, you identifies the network. This is your broadcast. So, the first subnet, so your

[1:03:26] bookstore inside of the coffeehouse inside of the coffeehouse would have 192.168.1.1

[1:03:40] You've got 30 IP addresses for each one of those subnets, right? With the subnet of those subnets, right? With the subnet mask of 255.255.255.224.

[1:03:53] seeing the chat, but people are like, "What? Mind blown. I get it now." So, "What? Mind blown. I get it now." So, it's It is fun to see those moments. And guys, seriously, like you're you're watching the master of networking teach

[1:04:06] this live. So, just like >> [snorts] >> take it in. >> I I wouldn't wouldn't say that, but it that so that's the first scenario.

[1:04:20] I I know now you guys are like, "Okay." I know some people are like I like like like Edwards is like, "I get it now." And and for some of you that's that's some of you uh

[1:04:34] >> [laughter] >> go for this one. My wife gets mad. I'm like, "I I don't know. I don't know what that means." But know. I don't know what that means." But but but but like this is how you do

[1:04:47] subnetting. But we need to do another one and we need to step it up to a bigger situation. Um now, hang on. Before before I I just erase this because it looks glorious.

[1:04:59] would be a great time. You might look at this and go Let me grab this. You might look at this and go, "Well, do you It seems like you get more than six." Like if If this going, you'd have, you know, 96 through 127.

[1:05:13] This will go 128 through >> [groaning] >> Let's see, 159. You know, 160. Like it seems like you get more than six. And absolutely, you're going to get more than six

[1:05:27] works. You will get at least six subnets. That's more of the way to think >> Mhm. >> Um So So you you might say, "Well, how many subnets do I get? Do I have to lay this

[1:05:42] all out?" Well, there's a magic formula that I can give you. Two to the power of X. Where X is the number of bits. So if you look and you go, "Okay, I've got three network bits. Two to the power

[1:05:57] of three will tell you how many uh how many you get, which is two times two, that's four, times two is eight. So you actually end up with eight subnets. Which, of course, gives you your needed six six. But this formula works as well

[1:06:13] six six. But this formula works as well for number of hosts per network as well, all right? Uh so two to the power of five, you know, this is two times two come in handy, or you could just look at your binary chart. Um

[1:06:27] this is 0 1 2 3 4 5. You just got to remember to count from zero. Um and that's where you end up with 32, but you always have have to subtract two. Chuck, why do you subtract two?

[1:06:40] identifies the network, and the broadcast address, which is the broadcast. You can't go into >> That's how you figure out that Okay, so this subnet mask ends up with eight subnets

[1:06:55] with 30 hosts per subnet. Right? That's >> Yeah, and it's like seeing this, you're like, "Oh, I get it."

[1:07:10] like I need to see it again with a different example because it's one of pattern a few times to go, "Ah, I see the matrix. I get it." "Ah, I see the matrix. I get it." >> Yep, good. Now, let's do it again, but

[1:07:24] Zack, go big or go home. We're going to go We're going to go with Let's do a class B address. We'll go Let's do a class B address. We'll go 172.16.0.0.

[1:07:39] we'll we'll do that in a second. So, subnet mask 255.255.0.0. that that is bigger than our little Castle Rising Coffee.

[1:07:51] And maybe they say, "You know what? Instead of six subnets, I want to have you know, so as of right now I've got one network now I've got one network with 65,534

[1:08:07] on that network. And I'm like, "I don't need that many hosts. Instead, I want to break this I want to break this into 500 subnets." So, okay, we can do it. It's same process.

[1:08:24] Don't don't panic. This this And I've got to grab that I've got to too. Um That was That was just a beautiful

[1:08:38] >> [snorts] >> Thank you. That was I Thank you. So, one, I'm not I won't write out the steps

[1:08:50] cuz it'll take me too long, but we know the first step is we need to convert 500 to a binary number. Okay, Okay, okay, let's Let's it again. 1 2 4 8 16

[1:09:05] okay, let's Let's it again. 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 >> 256 >> 256 Yep. Yep. Yep. What Okay, what's >> 512 >> You You got this tattoo, too, didn't

[1:09:20] >> No. [snorts] >> Yes. No, did not. So So, we we have to >> 1024 2048 >> 1024 2048 4096 You start recognizing a lot of these numbers again and again. So, and

[1:09:34] get some people that when they do subnetting, they just kind of look and they're like 256 Like they've seen it. So, I mean, there's actually not that many variants when you start seeing it. So, you have

[1:09:47] and you have to go, "Okay, where to convert 500 to binary, where's my first flag go?" Well, I know I I can't subtract 512 from 500. So,

[1:10:02] So, right there. but I'm going to give you a shortcut already. You could figure out the whole binary equivalent to 500. It'd be, you know,

[1:10:15] we'd have to go 5 500 Every time I see that someone scan the QR code, I'm that someone scan the QR code, I'm always like, "And for $59.99, there's a I don't know why that It just It just reminds me of that so much."

[1:10:27] But, so 500 minus 256 So, I'm Let me just say, you if you if you want to figure out the whole binary I'm just going to make it up. You You You could.

[1:10:41] But, remember when we're doing this, we don't really care what the binary version of 500 is. What we do care about is how many bits does it take to get the Because that tells us how many subnet bits we need, right? So, as soon as I

[1:10:55] put my first flag, it's almost like the stake in the ground, shunk, Lord of the Rings sword, you know, you shall not pass. I've got the line right there. I already know it takes nine bits

[1:11:09] I don't really care what they are, but I know that I cannot get the number 500 know that I cannot get the number 500 with any less than nine bits.

[1:11:22] doing this with speed when we're talking about the exam. Okay. Step two. Reserve bits in the mask and find your increment is what was written out there.

[1:11:34] increment is what was written out there. Our original subnet mask 255.255.0.0. Now, again, do not skip this part. Write it in binary. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8.1 2 3 4 5

[1:11:47] 6 7 8.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. There we go. That is our subnet mask in all binary. And now, hang on, before I go any further, Chuck,

[1:12:00] on, before I go any further, Chuck, this is why you can actually write like this is why you can actually write like /24, /16. Like, people will write this >> Mhm. >> Right? Why is that?

[1:12:13] What is the 16? >> What is it, guys? Anybody got it? It's the number of network bits you have on. >> So, when you see these slash notations,

[1:12:27] which I saw somebody earlier say that's cider notation, classless inter-domain routing is what that stands for. Um, that's just the number of ones in the subnet mask. It's It's It's just much easier to write than 255. So,

[1:12:40] finally I don't have to write 255.255. Cuz now you get it, right? That's why that's there. Okay. Now, I'm going to ask the question again. I'm going to ask the question again. Chuck, are we after more networks or are

[1:12:53] we after more hosts? We are still after more networks. Yes, we are. We are after 500 subnets. We have one and we want 500. So, we know network bits are ones, host bits are zeros. So,

[1:13:10] binary is so important is because sometimes you might end up in the wrong octet. So, we go, "Okay, I know I need nine bits and I know I need them to be network bits because I need 500 networks, 500 subnets, right?" So, I go,

[1:13:24] networks, 500 subnets, right?" So, I go, "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 .9." Yep, I did that. I'm not asking for forgiveness. I went right past the period.

[1:13:37] And that we we now know with this giganto network what our subnet mask will be everywhere in the network. .255 . Oh, this is now 255 .

[1:13:54] That's weird. 128. Is that right? 128. Is that right? Is that a real subnet mask? mask throughout the whole network. And it just so happens to be this is a

[1:14:10] fun one because the second part of this is you find your increment, right? Lowest network bit converted back to decimal every every what is this as a decimal number?

[1:14:24] It is also 128. That's our increment. >> [clears throat] >> So, now >> So, now network ranges. This

[1:14:37] feeling it already. They're going to be like >> [snorts] >> Um use a completely different color. We we go okay, we started off with 172.16.0.0.

[1:14:57] it What what octet is it in? >> It's in the last octet, the fourth >> Fourth octet, so that's where we do our math. So, our next one will be math. So, our next one will be 172.16.0.128.

[1:15:13] fill in the end range. This goes through 172.16.0.127. Chuck, what do you get when you add 128 + 128?

[1:15:28] >> Oh my word. What have we done? We've broken the whole thing. Don't worry.

[1:15:42] Because remember, it's it The max you can have is 255. This is working in in binary, right? When if you've got nine and you add a one, it's the same kind of thing where like,

[1:15:57] "Oh, we broke it. Oh, no, it went to zero and we carry the one and now we have 10." Right? Like I know that's a weird way of saying it, but that's that's technically what cuz it's like you maxed out that one that

[1:16:09] one digit or that one octet. So, when you add and you get 256, you have to go No, no, no, no, no, we can't we can't have 256. So, if we fill in the What what is Chuck, what is the last number before we get to 256?

[1:16:23] >> 255. >> Yep. So, the next one, it's like you added a one right there and you carry the one, right? So, we come back here and we go whew. Plus one.

[1:16:36] Plus one. 1.0. weird? Was it Did you see that coming? And now you see the same thing going through the whole What am I doing? I'm

[1:16:50] too much. >> Then it got really weird. >> Right. You didn't see that one coming, did you?

[1:17:02] the 1.127, right? So we we we've taken one network with 65,534 hosts per network and we've now broken it into at least

[1:17:16] 500 subnets with 126 hosts Right? Can't use the first one, can't use the

[1:17:28] Now Now I know this There there's so much that will make people uncomfortable about this because >> [snorts] >> Is that Can I have 250? Is that Is that

[1:17:42] a broadcast? Yes, it is. This is the broadcast address for this little subnet. 127 is the broadcast address for this little subnet right here, right? Um

[1:17:54] It can it can definitely make people feel uncomfortable, but this is 100% So if you want to know Well, how many How many hosts? Well It's How many subnets do I get? Well,

[1:18:07] once again, two to the power of Uh let's see. Eight, nine will tell you subnets. Two to the power of seven minus two of hosts. Right?

[1:18:21] Um and I can tell you just because I I know binary, this ends up being 512. This ends up being 126 usable hosts per network.

[1:18:34] Um And if you By the way, let's do this on the exam, by the way. Um it won't work. But if you're checking

[1:18:46] your work out good grief, Libby. Take your Take your calculator. Uh actually, it's not that one. You want to go to scientific. I know, right there immediately, some people are like, "I'm not doing this."

[1:18:59] Don't worry. So, two and you got X carrot Y, right? I That is so small, bigger. Two X carrot Y 11. Is that Is that No, I

[1:19:12] Uh >> Uh-oh. Equals. Oh, shoot. Two X carrot Y nine. Equals. >> There you go. >> There There's so if you ever want to

[1:19:27] verify your work, in Windows, go scientific mode, two X carrot Y, and I know it's super small, and that'll that'll do it. Uh that is a class B example

[1:19:42] of converting networks uh convert- converting host to networks number of networks. Um

[1:19:55] Thank you, 29 Jester. Glad to have you on board. so, this this is uh this is going to have. We're going to have one more example,

[1:20:09] you're going to be like, "But I thought I knew it, but it it it is not." So, Chuck, Zach, before I erase this, any questions haven't been able to keep my eye on on the questions that they've been ticking

[1:20:23] by. >> No, it looks like the students are you're doing, so. >> think >> of them are just sitting there in awe and waiting for the next example to

[1:20:35] solidify the idea. Um now I do want to say that I it based Jeremy that guy joining the Summer CCNA join the Summer CCNA. You know what? You should because

[1:20:49] even though you would be behind 100% you're not going to get very many chances to engage with Jeremy and myself and Zach on a daily basis like this. halfway through you can come in with questions that are from day one. We'll

[1:21:04] So join now. Because I want to see you and hang out with you every day. >> Yeah. And honestly I will >> this is going to sound terrible but we're not going to do this again.

[1:21:22] committed to four months of meeting with you guys every single day. And we're already like okay we're in. We're doing but but like brother I love doing this but we cannot

[1:21:36] do this every single time we run this course. Like our life would be gone. So so future runs of this we will do stuff like this. We'll do live but it's a week or maybe three days a week something like that. So right now if you

[1:21:51] are signing up for Summer of CCNA you are going to get Zach Chuck and me every are going to get Zach Chuck and me every day until September 1st. Yeah. So so >> Limited time only guys. >> Limited time only.

[1:22:06] >> This right here. >> Let's see. It's not coming back. All right. Uh so one more example. Um and this and this is and what the thing is is once you've gotten gotten once you understand this

[1:22:22] gotten gotten once you understand this uh you like you've got subnetting. You you now know how to subnet. So so let's let's flip the script. Um We've got the coffee house again. So

[1:22:35] but in and actually this is probably the most common type of subnetting question that you can have. "Okay, we need to subnet. We've We've got Let's go back to the 192.168.1

[1:22:50] network. We've got a class C network /24. You now know why that is. /24. You now know why that is. And and we know we need VLANs, but how many VLANs isn't as important as we know that we need 50 hosts

[1:23:06] that we need 50 hosts per subnet. We're We're doing subnetting. We need to break this into more than one subnet, but I know that we need to have 50 hosts per subnet um

[1:23:22] you know, eight networks or something like that, Great news. Same process with one tiny tweak.

[1:23:34] First, 50 in binary. We need to convert that to binary. Jack and Rico, you have saved the day. We have We now Step [laughter] We do have problems writing and talking at the same time.

[1:23:50] Uh so we look and we go, "Okay, 50. Nope. Nope. Yep." And again, you can if if it throws you off to use shortcuts, don't do it, but know it needs six I mean if you if you're like, "No, I want to figure it

[1:24:05] out all the way." You You totally can. It'd be 00 that something like that, right? Um but but we know regardless of whether we got the whole number or we just got the first one, it takes six bits to get the number 50. I cannot get

[1:24:19] the number 50 with any less than six bits. Step two, /24. Again, even though I'm writing it shorthand and in cider no kitten notation now, I will still go 1 2 3 4 5

[1:24:32] notation now, I will still go 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Class C subnet mask in all its glory in binary.

[1:24:46] Pull the curtain back. Now, this is where the slight tweak came in. Um Chuck, are we trying to get more networks or are we trying to save hosts per network?

[1:25:00] >> Save the hosts. >> Save the hosts. You remember this this was actually this was from a class probably more than a decade ago. I was either are creating more networks or we're saving the hosts." And someone in

[1:25:14] the back of the room was like, "Save the whales." Cuz the whales were the thing "Save the whales." And so from then on out, we said we just kept it going. networks or we saving the hosts?" Why am I saying this? Because normally we're

[1:25:29] focused on I need to convert these to zero, but now I'm going, "Okay, I can't get 50 hosts per network with any less than six bits. So I need to save than six bits. So I need to save 1 2 3 4 5 6. Save the host bits.

[1:25:47] They died. They went to the network side. That's it. That's the only difference uh to uh to this problem. 255 255

[1:26:01] >> [snorts] >> 192 is 128 + 64, right? If we're doing Good so good so far. If you have questions, please chat them in. Discord, Uh >> There are no dumb questions. Like

[1:26:15] >> It's not easy. OH, ZACH. >> I'M I'M POSTING THAT. Somebody post that. Somebody post that. >> Post that. Micah's comment right there. >> [laughter]

[1:26:29] Actually, Jeremy, do you have any tattoos? >> [laughter] >> But, I'm older. Older people don't get >> Sure they do. >> I'll I'll get save the host if you get

[1:26:44] global configuration mode tattoo. >> It's so much longer. All right, next tattoo. >> No, no, seriously, like global it's Yeah. >> Oh, yeah. One on each arm?

[1:26:58] >> Totally. [laughter] >> Totally. What What are we talking about? >> Totally. What What are we talking about? 64 is our increment. it, it should start to make sense, where

[1:27:10] you're like, "Okay, six Okay, that's bigger than 50. We're on the right than 50, I'd be like, "Ah, I think we did something wrong." We can't If we're incrementing by by 32, it's not going to fly. So, third one, find our network

[1:27:23] ranges, right? Now, hang on. I want to do every network range with you, because I want to point something out. We start off with 192.168.1.0. That's That's what we got when we

[1:27:35] started this problem, right? That's the network we wanted to use. Okay, so .1.128, .1.192. I'm just adding 64 every time. And Chuck, what happens when you get to 192

[1:27:49] + 64? >> We carry over. We hit that odometer, like Micah said earlier. >> You do. You hit 256, but since this is a classy example, remember I said, "You can't mess with

[1:28:03] this stuff." Like, unforeseen powers will will come upon you, and you will die if you if you mess with any of this, cuz that's the RFC standard said 192.168 is a class C address. So So in

[1:28:16] go through 63, 127, 191, and then you just go, "Oh, okay. I've I've I've I've reached the end.

[1:28:30] I get So if I want 50 host per subnets, the most subnets is four. Which should check out. Two to the power of two, right? Two subnets.

[1:28:45] Four. Right? How many networks or how many hosts? Two to the power of six minus two. 62. Then again, it's just getting used to these increments.

[1:28:57] You're like, "You're so fast." Well, >> [laughter] numbers, my friends. Um and that's That's That's the secret to subnetting. That's how Bob died. That's how >> That is Thank you, Pink Calico. That is

[1:29:14] Yes. >> We don't want to say it. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Poor Bob. >> [snorts]

[1:29:26] job. Um It's not easy teaching stuff like this live. Uh so Jeremy, fantastic. >> Yeah, thank you. Thank you. >> Hats off to you, friend. Always amazing. >> Let's We've got 10 minutes left.

[1:29:42] Uh let's take any questions that you guys have at all. You've You've now seen that was like I I promised at the beginning of this, by time you were done with this session, you will understand how to subnet, and you do. You've

[1:29:57] converted to binary. You've seen two situations where you are need. Um and you've seen one situation where you're solving based on how many hosts you need.

[1:30:11] And that's it. That's that's subnetting. Um that's what you need for the CCNA >> [snorts] >> So, let's um

[1:30:23] Buddy, I'm not answering your question. >> Uh if we had had to save 63 hosts, even if 63 uh can be written with six bits, we have to save seven bits, correct? >> That is true. Uh there So, so that's

[1:30:36] actually right in line with what Buddy is saying to you. There are certain "Okay, that that didn't work." And that's it's the the reason for that. So, it's it's one of those things that's super difficult to explain when you're

[1:30:49] first uh learning subnetting, but someone said, "Okay, if you need if you needed a 63 like someone said, "I need 63 hosts per network." First off, unless it it's like the weirdest of weird situations. Uh but if they did,

[1:31:07] the you and you you solve for it by by converting 63 to binary, you find out converting 63 to binary, you find out that you can actually get 63 with with uh uh whoops, right here. Uh you would

[1:31:21] subtract 32 from 63, but you actually need 64 because when you take the very first and the very last IP address and subtract them out, you end up one short if you if you use this. So, there are certain values where as you get to your

[1:31:37] ranges, you're like, "Wait a sec. I I ended up one short." Uh that's because it you know, I mean, the same thing will happen with 31. If somebody said, "I need you to figure out 31 hosts." Or and you you guys can see this. 15. I need

[1:31:50] you to figure out 15 hosts per subnet. If you do that and you max all these out, you'll always end up one short because you have to subtract the first and the last the last number. So, it's binary mask. So, uh a couple people are

[1:32:02] calling out the I call it the great exception when I'm teaching this formally. And it's actually part You will see this. You will see there is a whole video called the great exception, which is exactly around those numbers.

[1:32:16] not going to show that and then Zach Zach Zach Zach threw threw that one. >> No, that's that's fine. It's good. It's good good discussion. >> I just know sometimes it melts people. Um

[1:32:30] people. >> I I think so, too. >> [laughter] >> It's good. Well, the funny thing is um CCNA, I mean, I I've been long before long before there were online classes. I

[1:32:46] was teaching the CCNA in classrooms. And you guys like we span the CCNA over 3 and 1/2 months when we when we kicked this off. the normal CCNA class I would teach in a classroom environment is it would be 8

[1:33:01] to 9 hours a day, 5 days in a week. It was 1 week. We would teach the whole thing. So, imagine learning this concept plus like the retention was horrible, but man, we got a lot in

[1:33:14] in that 1 week. That was 40 hours week CCNA. >> Yeah. >> All right. What up? >> Did you Did you tag the one from from Chuo?

[1:33:26] It's this one. Now, how do you use the subnets? >> I That's that's a That's a great Actually, that's a great question. Um let me I I got my stream. That's So,

[1:33:41] And that's actually the right question because a lot of times you figure this out, you're like, "Awesome! I've done it. Now what?" Um so, this is this is literally where you start configuring your router. So, let's I didn't come up

[1:33:54] this is it. So, let's just say we wanted to break this into uh four offices, right? Um because uh let's just say this is like you've seen in in strip malls, the little insurance offices. I've actually seen the design for uh State

[1:34:08] Farm. Um they have all these little offices and they do exactly this. I don't I don't remember if it was 60 uh uh 64-increment, but they have the uh 64-increment, but they have the offices where this office is 192.168.

[1:34:21] 1.0/ and oh and by the way, what is the slash on this? 26. Mhm. Right? 24 plus two more, so 26. color. This This office would be 192.168.

[1:34:36] 1. 64. /26. And so, so the default gateway I This is why it's such such a great question. Default gateway for this office, what do you think it would be?

[1:34:56] And this goes in the network. Your DHCP scope will hand out 66 through 126 as valid host addresses and they use .65 as their default gateway and get off the Right? Such a good question cuz if you haven't seen this before, you're like,

[1:35:11] It If you haven't seen it before, it will. So, the default gateway for this network right here is .65. Default gateway or first IP address of this one would be .129. Imagine doing IP config and seeing .129

[1:35:25] as your default gateway. That's normal for the people over at State Farm. Cuz this is the design that they use. Each little office has a little subnet Each little office has a little subnet of 64 increments. And because they use

[1:35:37] can span them out all over the place. >> Well, with the asterisk, it normally the first usable IP address is that. You can have it whatever you want it to be. But that's how it should be. I

[1:35:50] messed it up and I always do dot three. >> Why on earth do you do that? >> I I don't know. It's something I picked up from a network engineer I used to work under and I just always kept it. >> Yeah, all right.

[1:36:02] they have to find figure out. >> Yep, yep. And and you know every network that you go to and you're like, "What the Why Why did somebody use dot three as the default gateway?" It's cuz of that guy. Um

[1:36:16] >> Here's one from >> Oh, oh, sorry. I I clicked the button. >> No, you go ahead. You're good. You can do that one. Uh are Jeremy's CCNA videos exam? Um yes. Uh yes, they are but your

[1:36:31] practice is absolutely necessary. And and this question rings of if I just watch your videos, will I pass the exam? Uh no, you won't. Uh Rings, would I be able to tell you every scene and and exactly what Frodo did uh

[1:36:49] when he dropped the ring into the pit of lava? Uh no. Uh >> I was like, "Where did that come from?" It must have been Chuck's shirt. But But rehearsed and memorized from Lord of the Rings that I did not. And so

[1:37:06] uh same same thing there. Sorry, Zach. Back to you. You you you're right. >> You're good. No, no, I keeps the engagement going. I love it. Uh Cloud Computing asking is it still worth it to get CCNA now with all this

[1:37:18] AI going around and considering how AI will be developed in let's say three years from now? >> Yes, 100%. I mean, you have First of all, and you you may not know this guys, but like there is a shortage

[1:37:32] of network engineers. Like a massive shortage. So, even if AI does come in to help accelerate so many things, we're still at a loss. We still need people who know networks. And you know what? No one's going to trust an AI to run a

[1:37:48] network by itself. Sure, there's going to be agents in there running some things, maybe helping you subnet, maybe adding a few things here and there, but there monitoring what it does, and it's going to be you knowing what to do when

[1:38:03] the AI, I don't know, you're out of tokens or the government takes away that they go every every company's realizing we need even though this AI stuff's very cool. So we're we're not we're not there yet.

[1:38:17] And I I don't think in the next 3 years, 5 years we'll be there cuz it's we're We're talking about a people situation. People aren't going to trust this system until it's been vetted and verified for a long time. So we're good. Don't worry

[1:38:31] >> Yeah, Fable 5 would have replaced all network engineers, but government man >> Too bad. Yeah, but I mean but just think about it. I mean AI is there as like it you can integrate anything,

[1:38:46] but I mean just imagine this. You're like, "Okay, uh ChatGPT, what are these like, "Aha, I now know subnets." Why am I asking this? Like it's like AI has a long way to go, but you knowing

[1:39:01] how all of this works Yeah, AI Yeah, we we've we've actually talked on this on many occasions, on to go all the way down the rabbit hole, but AI is the ultimate tool. It is

[1:39:15] awesome. We have AI agents in our Slack that we've and and we talk to them regularly. Inka, I love you. >> But Inka I have no relation with. But

[1:39:29] >> [laughter] >> I will point out like so like on this complex router when you get into trying to figure it. Um I wanted to in this them how you could connect an AI to this and manage it. So, I I spun up a Hermes

[1:39:45] in the chat if you have a Hermes agent. I would love to hear that. And what did you name it? Um so, I had a Hermes agent connect to this via the API. And I'm like, "Hey, um add a new DNS server

[1:39:57] there." And it went in there and it did it. Did didn't do? It didn't obey the security configuration I had in there. I wanted DNS over TLS and it added a basic DNS

[1:40:10] configuration. Now, someone who didn't know networking wouldn't have got that. They wouldn't have. And that's just one small example of the oversight. Like, the AI it it did it. Like, it did a great job.

[1:40:22] It knew exactly what to do. But, it was not exactly what the network needed. And that's why the network still needs us. So, box down. >> What One last thing. What is the number one

[1:40:36] issue in all of IT? Like, what is the number one you know, um Outside of DNS, but what's the next thing that that's always at fault? Every time there's a technology issue,

[1:40:50] who causes that? What causes that? It's a person. It's a human being, right? That Human beings are the biggest downfall to technology. We need us the day, AI is not going to be able to think like

[1:41:04] a human for quite some time. And we, as human beings, have to be able to be accountable for all of these technologies still. Like, we still have to be able there to service them. We're still going to need human beings to deal

[1:41:18] with other human beings. And if you don't know this yet, information you're going to be dealing with a lot of human beings. Like, gone are the days network engineers are stuck in the basement in the, you know, the dark

[1:41:33] basement. No, nowadays as an IT professional, you are often dealing with other human beings and helping fix issues. And AI just simply can't account for that. So, we still need you an individual, a person, a human being

[1:41:47] to be here supporting all of the different technologies. And starts with something like the CCNA. Not to like bring it back, but but to bring it back. Like networking is like the foundation to everything. So, learning

[1:41:59] to everything. So, learning and starting with the CCNA is huge. >> I never shouted that. I I assume this is one of Jeremy's million kids. one of Jeremy's million kids. >> [laughter]

[1:42:16] >> [laughter] >> All right, guys. Thank you for being take us home. >> Yeah, absolutely. So, just to uh end things, thank you all, of course, for being here sharing your time with us.

[1:42:30] Again, we greatly appreciate y'all. Uh want to give a huge shout-out again to SkillBit. SkillBit is the company that we partnered with to host all of our virtual labs. So, when you sign up for the premium Summer CCNA or subscription,

[1:42:44] you get access to the virtual labs. So, you can actually go in from your browser and get into a Cisco switch and start learning right from your browser, which check out SkillBit. And of course, if you guys haven't joined us on Discord

[1:42:58] yet, please join us on Discord. That's where all the fun communication happens and all of the the help that you you might need, that's where we can help you is on Discord. And if you haven't signed up for the Summer of CCNA, please do

[1:43:11] I didn't grab the link for quick enough, is the Summer CCNA swag. If you guys want to get a t-shirt or sticker to represent uh Summer CCNA, Chuck, let's see your sticker on your water bottle.

[1:43:26] just put in the chat. You don't You don't have your t-shirt on >> Yeah. >> Jeremy's got stickers. I don't have See, I got to get on board with this. Ah, goodness. Anyway, thank you all so much

[1:43:39] of this where we do these daily check-ins every single day 5:00 Eastern Standard Time, you can join us uh for the summer CCNA program. Otherwise, we do these live streams just like this twice a month. It's open to the entire

[1:43:54] public, so share it with your friends if you liked what you you saw today. And uh guys. Thank you all so much again for being here, and we hope to see you either tomorrow or in the next public live stream. Take care, everybody.

[1:44:09] >> Oh, we we can't we can't stop the live stream until Jeremy Okay, dude, you're >> Okay. >> I'm in. >> All right. Thank you, everybody. Have an amazing

[1:44:21] Thank you, everybody. Have an amazing day.