A.I. ‐ Humanity's Final Invention?

[00:00] humans rule Earth without competition

[00:03] but we're about to create something that

[00:05] may change that our last invention the

[00:08] most powerful tool weapon or maybe even

[00:10] entity artificial super

[00:13] intelligence this sounds like science

[00:16] fiction so let's start at the beginning

[00:19] intelligence is the ability to learn

[00:22] reason acquire Knowledge and Skills and

[00:24] use them to solve problems intelligence

[00:27] is power and we're the species that

[00:29] exploited it the most so much so that

[00:32] Humanity broke the game of Nature and

[00:35] took control but the journey there

[00:37] wasn't straightforward for most animals

[00:40] intelligence costs too much energy to be

[00:42] worth it still if we track intelligence

[00:45] in the tree of species over time we can

[00:47] see lots of diverse forms of

[00:49] intelligence emerge the earliest brains

[00:52] were in flatworms 500 million years ago

[00:55] just a tiny cluster of neurons to handle

[00:57] basic body functions it took hundreds of

[01:00] millions of years for species to

[01:01] diversify and become more complex life

[01:05] conquered New environments gained new

[01:07] senses and had to contend with Fierce

[01:09] competition over resources but in nature

[01:12] all that matters is survival and brains

[01:15] are expensive so for almost all animals

[01:17] a narrow intelligence fit for a narrow

[01:19] range of tasks was enough in some

[01:22] environments animals like birds

[01:24] octopuses and mammals evolved more

[01:26] complex neural structures for them it

[01:29] paid off to have more energy consuming

[01:31] skills like Advanced navigation and

[01:33] communication until 7 billion years ago

[01:36] the hominins emerged we don't know why

[01:39] but their brains grew faster than their

[01:41] relatives something was different about

[01:43] their intelligence very slowly it turned

[01:46] from narrow to General from a

[01:48] screwdriver to a multi-tool able to

[01:51] think about diverse Problems 2 million

[01:55] years ago homo erector saw the world

[01:57] differently from anyone before as

[01:59] something be understood and transformed

[02:02] they controlled fire invented tools and

[02:05] created the first culture we probably

[02:08] emerged from them around 250,000 years

[02:11] ago with an even larger and more complex

[02:14] brain it enabled us to work together in

[02:16] large groups and to communicate complex

[02:19] thoughts we used our intelligence to

[02:21] improve our lives to ask how things work

[02:24] and why things are the way they are with

[02:26] each Discovery we asked more questions

[02:29] and pushed forward Ward preserving what

[02:31] we learned outpacing what evolution

[02:33] could do with genes knowledge Builds on

[02:36] knowledge progress was slow at first and

[02:39] then sped up exponentially agriculture

[02:42] writing medicine astronomy or philosophy

[02:44] exploded into the world 200 years ago

[02:47] science took off and made us even better

[02:49] at learning about the world and speeding

[02:51] up progress 35 years ago the internet

[02:54] age began today we live in a world made

[02:57] to suit our needs created by us us for

[03:00] us this is incredibly new we forget how

[03:04] hard it was to get here how enormous the

[03:07] steps on the intelligence ladder were

[03:09] and how long it took to climb them but

[03:11] once we did we became the most powerful

[03:14] animal in the world in a

[03:16] heartbeat but we may be in the process

[03:18] of changing this we're building machines

[03:21] that could be better at the very thing

[03:23] that gave us the power to conquer the

[03:25] planet Humanity's final invention

[03:30] artificial

[03:31] intelligence artificial intelligence or

[03:34] AI is software that performs mental

[03:36] tasks with a computer code that uses

[03:38] silicon instead of neurons to solve

[03:41] problems in the beginning AI was very

[03:43] simple lines of code on paper mere

[03:46] proofs of concept to demonstrate how

[03:48] machines could perform mental tasks only

[03:51] in the 1960s did we start seeing the

[03:53] first examples of what we would

[03:55] recognize as AI a chatbot in 1964

[03:59] approach program to sort through

[04:00] molecules in

[04:02] 1965 slow specialized systems requiring

[04:06] experts to use them their intelligence

[04:08] was extremely narrow built for a single

[04:11] task inside a controlled environment the

[04:13] equivalent of flat worms 500 million

[04:16] years ago doing the minimum amount of

[04:18] mental work progress in AI research

[04:21] paused several times when researchers

[04:23] lost hope in the technology but just

[04:25] like changing environments create new

[04:27] niches for Life the world around AI

[04:30] changed between 1950 and 2000 computers

[04:33] got a billion times faster while

[04:35] programming became easier and widespread

[04:38] in 1972 AI could navigate a room in 1989

[04:42] it could read handwritten numbers but it

[04:45] remained a fancy tool no match for

[04:47] humans until in 1997 an AI shocked the

[04:51] World by beating the world champion in

[04:53] chess proving that we could build

[04:55] machines that could surpass us but we

[04:57] calmed ourselves because a chest spot is

[05:00] quite stupid not a flatworm but maybe a

[05:03] bee only able to perform a specialized

[05:06] narrow task but within this narrow task

[05:09] it's so good that no human will ever

[05:11] again beat AI a chess as computers

[05:15] continued to improve AI became a

[05:17] powerful tool for more and more tasks in

[05:20] 2004 it drove a robot on Mars in 2011 it

[05:23] began recommending YouTube videos to you

[05:26] but this was only possible because

[05:28] humans broke down problems into easyto

[05:30] digest chunks that computers could solve

[05:32] quickly until we taught AIS to teach

[05:37] themselves rise of the self-learning

[05:41] Machines this is not a technical video

[05:43] so we're massively oversimplifying here

[05:46] in a nutshell the sheer power of

[05:47] supercomputers was combined with the

[05:49] almost endless data collected in the

[05:51] information age to make a new generation

[05:54] of ai ai experts began drastically

[05:57] improving forms of AI software called

[05:59] neur neural networks enormously huge

[06:01] networks of artificial neurons that

[06:03] start out being bad at their tasks they

[06:06] then used machine learning which is an

[06:08] umbrella term for many different

[06:10] training techniques and environments

[06:11] that allows algorithms to write their

[06:13] own code and improve themselves the

[06:16] scary thing is that we don't exactly

[06:17] know how they do it and what happens

[06:20] inside them just that it works and that

[06:23] what comes out the other end is a new

[06:25] type of AI a capable black box of code

[06:29] the these new AIS could Master complex

[06:31] skills extremely quickly with much less

[06:34] human help they were still narrow

[06:36] intelligences but a huge step up in 2014

[06:40] Facebook AI could identify faces with

[06:42] 97% accuracy in 2016 an AI beat the best

[06:47] humans in the incredibly complex game of

[06:49] Go in 2018 a self-learning AI learned

[06:53] chess in 4 hours just by playing against

[06:56] itself and then defeated the best

[06:58] specialized chess bot since then machine

[07:01] learning has been applied to reading

[07:03] image processing solving tests and much

[07:06] more many of these AIS are already

[07:08] better than humans for whatever narrow

[07:10] task they were trained but they still

[07:12] remained a simple tool AI still didn't

[07:15] seem that big of a deal for most people

[07:17] and then came the chatbot chat GPT the

[07:21] work that went into it is massive it

[07:23] trained on nearly everything written on

[07:24] the internet to learn how to handle

[07:26] language which it now does better than

[07:28] most people it can summarize translate

[07:31] and help with some math problems it's

[07:34] incredibly more broad than any other

[07:36] system just a few years ago not crushing

[07:39] any single Benchmark but order of them

[07:41] at once many large tech companies are

[07:44] spending billions to build powerful

[07:46] competitors AI is already transforming

[07:49] customer service banking Healthcare

[07:51] marketing copyrighting creative spaces

[07:54] and more AI generated content has

[07:57] already taken hold of social media

[07:59] YouTube and news websites elections are

[08:02] expected to be inundated by Propaganda

[08:04] and

[08:05] misinformation no one is sure how much

[08:07] good or harm can come from adopting AI

[08:09] everywhere change is scary there will be

[08:12] winners and losers one of the biggest

[08:15] questions governments and corporations

[08:17] have now is how to manage the transition

[08:19] to an AI boosted economy all these

[08:22] potential gains or risks are just the

[08:24] result of today's AI chat gpt's

[08:27] intelligence is a major step up but it

[08:30] remains narrow one it can write a great

[08:32] essay in seconds it doesn't understand

[08:35] what it's writing but what if the AIS

[08:38] stopped being

[08:39] narrow General AI what makes humans

[08:43] different from current AI is our general

[08:46] intelligence humans can technically

[08:48] absorb any piece of knowledge and start

[08:50] working on any problem we're great at

[08:52] many very different skills and tasks

[08:54] from playing chess to writing or solving

[08:56] science puzzles not equally of course

[08:59] some of us are experts in some fields

[09:01] and beginners in others but we can

[09:03] technically do all of them in the past

[09:06] AI was narrow and able to become good at

[09:08] one skill but was rather bad in all the

[09:10] others simply by building faster

[09:13] computers and pouring more money into AI

[09:15] training will get us new more powerful

[09:18] generations of AI but what is the next

[09:21] step for AI is to become a general

[09:24] intelligence like us an

[09:26] AGI if the AI improvement process

[09:29] continues as it has been it's not

[09:31] unlikely that AGI could be better in

[09:33] most or even all skills that humans can

[09:36] do we don't know how to build AGI how it

[09:39] will work or what it will be able to do

[09:42] since narrow AIS today are capable of

[09:45] mastering one mental task quickly HGI

[09:47] might be able to do the same with all

[09:49] mental tasks so even if it starts out

[09:52] stupid and HGI might be able to become

[09:55] as smart and capable as a human while

[09:58] this sounds like science sence fiction

[10:00] most AI researchers think this will

[10:02] happen sometime this Century maybe

[10:04] already in a few years humanity is not

[10:07] ready for what will happen next not

[10:09] socially not economically not morally

[10:13] earlier we defined intelligence as the

[10:15] ability to learn reason acquire

[10:17] Knowledge and Skills and use them to

[10:19] solve problems all things humans excel

[10:22] at an AGI as intelligent as even an

[10:25] average human would already disrupt

[10:27] modern civilization because they're not

[10:29] Bound by the same limitations as we are

[10:32] today's AIS like chat gbt already think

[10:35] and solve the tasks they were made for

[10:37] at least 10 times faster than even very

[10:39] skilled humans maybe AGI will be slower

[10:43] but it may also be faster maybe much

[10:45] faster and since HGI are software you

[10:49] could copy them endlessly as long as you

[10:51] have enough storage and run them in

[10:54] parallel there are 8 million scientists

[10:56] in the world now imagine an AI copied a

[10:59] million times and put to work imagine 1

[11:02] million scientists working 24/7 thinking

[11:05] 10 times faster than humans without

[11:07] being distracted only focused on the

[11:10] task they've been given what if suddenly

[11:13] HGI could do all intelligence-based jobs

[11:16] in the world from interpreting law to

[11:18] coding to creating animated YouTube

[11:20] videos better faster and much cheaper

[11:23] than humans would whoever controls this

[11:26] AGI suddenly own the economy

[11:29] and thinking bigger human progress is

[11:32] our intelligence applied to problems so

[11:35] what could a million agis

[11:37] achieve solve fundamental questions of

[11:40] science like dark energy invent new

[11:43] technology that gives us Limitless

[11:44] energy fix climate change cure aging and

[11:48] cancer but then again sadly humans apply

[11:52] their intelligence not just for the

[11:53] benefit of all what if the agis are

[11:56] tasked to guide drones or pull the

[11:58] triggers in war or to engineer a virus

[12:01] that only kills people with green eyes

[12:04] or to create the most profitable social

[12:06] media so addictive that people starve in

[12:08] front of their screens the creation of

[12:11] AGI could reasonably be as big of an

[12:13] event as taming fire or electricity and

[12:16] give whoever invents it equally as much

[12:19] power but now let's go one step further

[12:23] what if the potential of AGI doesn't

[12:25] stop here intelligence explosion

[12:29] intelligence and knowledge build and

[12:31] accelerate each other but humans are

[12:33] limited by biology and evolution once we

[12:37] evolved the right Hardware our software

[12:39] outpaced evolution by orders of

[12:41] magnitudes and within a heartbeat we

[12:43] ruled this planet but our software

[12:46] basically hasn't changed much since then

[12:48] which is why we have obesity and destroy

[12:50] the climate for short-term gains since

[12:53] AGI is software on a computer once it's

[12:56] smart enough to do AI research the rate

[12:58] of AI progress should speed up a lot and

[13:01] that results in better AI That's better

[13:04] at AI research without much human

[13:06] involvement it may even be possible that

[13:08] AI could learn how to directly improve

[13:10] itself in which case some experts fear

[13:12] this feedback loop could be incredibly

[13:15] fast maybe just months or years after

[13:18] the first self-improving hii is switched

[13:20] on maybe it would actually take decades

[13:23] we simply don't know this is all

[13:25] speculative but such an intelligence

[13:27] explosion might lead to a true

[13:29] superintelligent entity we don't know

[13:32] what such a being would look like what

[13:33] its motives or goals would be what would

[13:36] go on in its inner world we could be as

[13:39] laughably stupid to superintelligence as

[13:42] squirrels are to us unable to even

[13:45] comprehend its way of

[13:46] thinking this hypothetical scenario

[13:49] keeps many people up at night humanity

[13:52] is the only example we have of an animal

[13:55] becoming smarter than all others and we

[13:57] have not been kind to what we perceive

[14:00] as less intelligent beings AGI might be

[14:03] the last invention of humanity it's

[14:06] possible that it could become the most

[14:08] intelligent and therefore most powerful

[14:10] being on earth a God in a box that could

[14:13] exercise its power to bring unimaginable

[14:16] wealth and happiness to humans while

[14:18] securing our future or it could subvert

[14:21] civilization and bring about our end

[14:24] with Humanity unable to come up with a

[14:26] way to stop it we'll look at some of

[14:28] these potential Futures in more videos

[14:30] but for now let's wrap up the only thing

[14:33] we know for sure is that today right now

[14:36] many of the largest and richest

[14:38] companies in the world are racing to

[14:40] create ever more powerful AIS whatever

[14:43] our future is we are running towards

[14:48] it who knows how long we have until we

[14:51] must confront our AI future luckily you

[14:54] still have plenty of time to prepare for

[14:56] it if you're learning on Brilliance that

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